Surface Water Balance (1)
Review of last lecture: Surface energy balance dT/dt SWdn =Scos SWup =SWdn LWdn = Tair 4 LWup = Ts 4 LH= C d LV(q surface - q air ) SH= C d C p V(T surface - T air ) Fc = - dT/dz Incoming shortwave + Incoming longwave = Reflected shortwave + Emitted longwave + Latent heat flux + Sensible heat flux + Subsurface conduction What is sensible heat flux? What is latent heat flux? Bowen ratio B= SH/LH = C p (T surface - T air ) / L(q surface - q air ) provides a simple way for estimating SH and LH when the net radiative flux Fr is available LH=Fr/(B+1), SH=Fr B/(B+1) Factors affecting soil thermal conductivity Other heat sources: precipitation, biochemical, anthropogenic
The global water cycle
Components of global water cycle Ocean water Land soil moisture, rivers, snow cover, ice sheet and glaciers Sea ice Atmosphere water vapor, clouds, precipitation Water in biosphere (including human beings)
Component I: Ocean Covers 70% of the Earth’s surface
Observed Changes in Global Sea Level
Observed Changes in Sea Level Largest in the western part of ocean basin
Observed Changes in Ocean Heat Content
Component II: Land Soil moisture
Component II: Land >1000 major rivers flow on the seven continents Amazon river (#1)Yangtze river (#4)Mississippi river (#6)
Component II: Land Snow cover
Observed Changes in Snow Cover: Significant melting
Component II: Land Ice sheet
Retreat of Greenland Ice Sheet – a huge contributor to sea level rise today Greenland is responsible for about 10% of the observed global sea level rise and accelerating. Greenland holds 7 m of sea level equivalent.
Component II: Land Glaciers
Retreat of Mountain Glaciers: a major contributor to sea level rise IPCC (2001) Glacier retreat is a world-wide phenomena. Will affect water supply for millions: Kenya/Tanzania Northern India Andes Mountains
Melting in Glacier National Park
Component III: Sea ice
Observed Changes in Arctic Sea Ice: Significant melting
Reduced Arctic sea ice: A result of warming that leads to more warming
Component IV: Atmosphere Water vapor flows in the atmosphere
Observed Changes in Water Vapor Significant increase
Component IV: Atmosphere Clouds drifts with the winds
Component IV: Atmosphere Precipitation drives many atmospheric circulations which in turn transport water around the world Hadley Circulation Monsoons Walker Circulation
Observed Changes in Precipitation: Significant change in many places
A significant fraction of the human body is water (~75%) The remaining: fat, protein, carbonhydrate, other solids
So the water in our bodies may come from … A stream in the Niagara Fall … A white cloud over the tropical Pacific … A raindrop in the Amazon rainforest … Therefore we need to protect the environment because any pollution we put into the environment may someday come back into our bodies An ice sheet in the Arctic Ocean…
Summary: Components of global water cycle Ocean water Land soil moisture, rivers, snow cover, ice sheet and glaciers Sea ice Atmosphere water vapor, clouds, precipitation Water in biosphere (including human beings)