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Energy in the Ocean- Atmosphere Climate System SOEE3410 : Lecture 2 Dr Ian Brooks Room 1.64a Environment Building

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Presentation on theme: "Energy in the Ocean- Atmosphere Climate System SOEE3410 : Lecture 2 Dr Ian Brooks Room 1.64a Environment Building"— Presentation transcript:

1 Energy in the Ocean- Atmosphere Climate System SOEE3410 : Lecture 2 Dr Ian Brooks i.brooks@see.leeds.ac.uk Room 1.64a Environment Building http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks

2 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change2 The atmosphere-ocean system acts as a heat engine Energy OUT = Energy IN Work done  moving atmosphere and ocean around Energy IN (solar radiation) Work done Energy OUT (heat lost to space as infra-red radiation)

3 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change3 Contributions to global ocean- atmosphere energy budget Energy Flux (W m -2 ) Solar radiation340 Latent heat70 Rate of kinetic energy dissipation~2 Photosynthesis~0.1 Geothermal heat flux0.06 World energy production (fossil fuels)0.02

4 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change4 Incoming solar radiation 342 W m 2 Reflected by clouds, aerosol & atmosphere 77 168 30 Reflected by surface Absorbed by surface Absorbed by atmosphere 67 thermals 24 Evapo- transpiration 78 390 324 350 40 30 Surface radiation Absorbed by surface reflected solar radiation 107 W m 2 back radiation emitted by atmosphere 165 Outgoing longwave radiation 235 W m 2

5 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change5 IPCC : http://www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics.htm

6 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.005 0.002 Heat absorbed by the continents (Beltrami et al. 2002) Heat required to melt continental glaciers at estimated maximum melting rate (Houghton et al. 2001) Heat absorbed by the atmosphere during 1955-96 (Levitus et al. 2001) Heat absorbed by the oceans Heat required to reduce Antarctic sea-ice extent (de la Mare, 1997) Heat required to melt mountain glaciers at estimated maximum melting rate (Houghton et al. 2001) Heat require to melt northern hemisphere sea-ice (Parkinson et al. 1999) Heat require to melt Arctic perennial sea-ice volume (Rotherock et al. 1999) 14.5 02 4 6 810 12 14 16 18 Estimate of Earth’s heat balance components (10 22 J) for the period 1955-1988 (after Levitus et al, 2005, GRL, VOL. 32, L02604, doi:10.1029/2004GL021592)

7 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change7 TsTs SW i SW r LW e SW i = Solar (shortwave) radiation SW r = shortwave reflected LW e = Infra red (longwave) emitted radiation =  T s 4 T s = surface temperature  = Stefan-Boltzman constant (5.67 x 10 -8 Watts m -2 K -4 ) At equilibrium… SW i = SW r + LW e No Atmosphere In the absence of an atmosphere the surface temperature of earth would be approximately 255K (-18ºC). It’s actual mean temperature is 288K (+15ºC)

8 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change8 Radiation absorbed from ONE direction, heating gas, is re-emitted in ALL directions CO 2 Some radiation passes through atmosphere Some radiation absorbed by gas molecules

9 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change9 Ferrel Cell Polar Cell Idealized model of atmospheric circulation. N.B. actual circulations are not continuous in space or time. 60 30 0 60 90 Net Radiation Heat Transport

10 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change10 0°0° 30° 60° Polar Front Mid-latitude Jet Stream Tropical jet Deep convection

11 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change11

12 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change12 IPCC : http://www.ipcc.ch/present/graphics.htm

13 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change13 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly net Short-Wave (solar) radiation (W/m 2 )

14 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change14 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly net Long-Wave (infra-red) radiation (W/m 2 )

15 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change15 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly net radiation (W/m 2 )

16 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change16 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly sensible heat flux (W/m 2 )

17 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change17 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly latent heat flux (W/m 2 )

18 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change18 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly change in heat storage (W/m 2 )

19 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change19 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html

20 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change20 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly surface temperature (ºC)

21 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change21 From http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html Animation of monthly sea-level pressure (mb) and surface winds

22 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change22 Concentrations of 3 well-mixed greenhouse gases Suphate aerosols deposited in Greenland ice

23 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change23 Increases in greenhouse gas concentrations change the radiative balance of the earth by reducing the outgoing longwave radiation. The climate system must adjust to a new equilibrium. The nature of the change in climate state is complicated by the large number of interacting processes.

24 SOEE3410 : Atmosphere and Ocean Climate Change24 Online Resources The animations shown in this lecture have been made available at http://homepages.see.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks/envi3410.leeds.ac.uk/~ibrooks/envi3410 The were produced by the Department of Geography at the University of Oregon. These and some additional animations can be found at : http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/clim_animations/index.html

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