1. Surface Water Balance

2. Review of last lecture: Surface energy balance
Incoming shortwave + Incoming longwave = Reflected shortwave + Emitted longwave
+ Latent heat flux + Sensible heat flux + Subsurface conduction
SWdn =Scos
SWup =SWdn 
LWdn =Tair4
LWup=Ts4
LH=CdLV(qsurface- qair)
SH=CdCpV(Tsurface- Tair) 
dT/dt
Fc = -  dT/dz
What is sensible heat flux? What is latent heat flux?
Bowen ratio B= SH/LH = Cp(Tsurface - Tair) / L(qsurface - qair) provides a simple way for estimating SH and LH when the net radiative flux Fr is available LH=Fr/(B+1), SH=Fr B/(B+1)
Factors affecting soil thermal conductivity
Other heat sources: precipitation, biochemical, anthropogenic

3. The global water cycle

4. Video: Weather Wet

5. Components of global water cycle
Atmosphere (water vapor, clouds, precipitation)
Land (soil moisture, rivers, snow, ice sheet and glaciers)
Sea ice
Ocean
Biosphere (including human beings)

6. Atmosphere: water vapor

7. Atmosphere: Precipitation
Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
Strong rainfall (heating)
Weak rainfall
GPCP Annual Mean Precipitation for (mm/day)

8. Land snow/Ice cover provide a reservoir

9. Flow of >1000 rivers on the seven continents
Mississippi river
Amazon river
Yangtze river

10. Land: Soil moisture

11. Flow of ocean currents

12. A significant fraction of the human body is water (~75%)
About every 16 days nearly 100% of the water in a human body is exchanged.
The remaining: fat, protein, carbonhydrate, other solids

13. So the water we drink may come from …
Therefore we need to protect the environment because any pollution we put into the environment may someday come back into our bodies

14. Evaportranspiration (E)
Surface water balance
The changing rate of soil moisture S
dS/dt = P - E - Rs - Rg + I
Precipitation (P)
Evaportranspiration (E)
Irrigation (I)
Runoff (Rs)
dS/dt
Infiltration (Rg)

15. Evaportranspiration Is equivalent to latent heat flux
Has four components: E = Eb + Ei + Es + TR
Evaporation from inception storage (Ei)
Transpiration (TR)
Evaporation from bare soil (Eb)
Snow sublimation (Es)

16. Evaportranpiration: Penman-Monteith equation
where λ is latent heat of evaporation, Rn is the net radiation, G is the soil heat flux, (es - ea) represents the vapour pressure deficit of the air, r a is the mean air density at constant pressure, cp is the specific heat of the air, D represents the slope of the saturation vapour pressure temperature relationship, g is the psychrometric constant (=66 Pa/K), and rs and ra are the (bulk) surface and aerodynamic resistances.

17. Soil moisture Typically expressed as ‘volumetric soil water content’
S = Vwater / Vsoil
Increases with depth
Complicated to measure
Root zone
Intermediate
zone
Ground water

18. Soil moisure regimes

19. US Soil moisture map

20. Palmer drought severity index (PDSI)
was developed by Wayne Palmer in the 1960s and uses temperature and rainfall information in a model to determine dryness of soil moisture.
is most effective in determining long term drought (a matter of several months) and is not as good with short-term forecasts (a matter of weeks).
It uses a 0 as normal, and drought is shown in terms of minus numbers; for example, minus 2 is moderate drought, minus 3 is severe drought, and minus 4 is extreme drought.

21. Change of PDSI in the last 100 years

22. PSDI for US in January 2015

23. A different index: U.S. Drought Monitor

24. Video: Crippling Drought in the Golden State: California Soul

25. Glacier mass balance

26. Structure of a glacier
A glacier forms when the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds its overall loss of mass by ablation (sublimation and melting).
A glacier can be divided into two zones; the zone of accumulation and the zone of ablation. They are separated by the “equilibrium line”.

27. Accumulation zone
Surface accumulation processes include snow and ice from direct precipitation, avalanches and windblown snow.
There may be minor inputs from hoar frost (radiation frost).
The snow and ice is then transferred downslope as the glacier flows.

28. Ablation zone
Surface ablation processes include surface melt, surface meltwater runoff, sublimation, avalanching and windblown snow.
Glaciers on steep slopes may also dry calve, dropping large chunks of ice onto unwary tourists below.
Other processes of ablation include subaqueous melting, and melting within the ice and at the ice bed

29. Glacier mass balance for the globe

30. Glacier mass balance for different regions

31. Summary: Components of global water cycle
Atmosphere (water vapor, clouds, precipitation)
Land (soil moisture, rivers, snow, ice sheet and glaciers)
Sea ice
Ocean
Biosphere (including human beings)

32. Surface water balance dS/dt = P - E - Rs - Rg + I
The changing rate of soil moisture S
dS/dt = P - E - Rs - Rg + I
Evaportranspiration (E=Eb+Ei+Es+TR)
Penman-Monteith eq
Precipitation (P)
Irrigation (I)
Runoff (Rs)
dS/dt
(PDSI, desertification)
Infiltration (Rg Darcy’s law)

33. Works cited