25:1 Mobilizing for Defense “Remember Pearl Harbor”
Selective Service GI 5 million volunteered after Pearl Harbor 10 million were drafted GIs
Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps WAAC 1942 George Marshall Noncombat positions “auxiliary status” allowed for fewer benefits 1943-full salary and benefits
Minority Service Dilemma Mexican-high casualty rate African-segregated, noncombat Asian-spies Native Americans
Factory production Peace to wartime production Shipyards and liberty ships
Hull days fabrication
Labor and Industrial Needs 18 million working 6 million women – Cheaper 60% 2 million minorities
A. Philip Randolph’s March on Washington Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Protest discrimination in industry and military FDR executive order March cancelled
Office of Scientific Research and Development OSRD Radar, sonar DDT Penicillin Atomic bomb
Manhattan Project Atomic Bomb Robert J. Oppenheimer Albert Einstein
Office of Price Administration OPA Fought inflation by freezing prices Raised income taxes to help with inflation War bonds
Wartime Conservation Carpooling Ride bikes Recycling drives Rationing: meat, sugar, coffee, gas
War Productions Board WPB Regulated peace to war production Raw materials recycling
Rationing Ration books/coupons
25:2 War for Europe and North Africa “Now that we are, as you say, ‘in the same boat’, would it not be wise for us to have another conference…and the sooner the better.” “It is fun to be in the same decade with you”
Battle of the Atlantic Wolf packs patrol Atlantic Prevent food/war materials from reaching GB and USSR
Convoy system Convoy System – Radar/sonar Sank U-Boats faster than Germany could build
Liberty Ships Single design cargo ships 1 of 2 surviving from WWII 1943-cranking out 140/month
June 1941, Hitler invades Soviet union
Problem with Invasion
Bombing of Stalingrad Nightly bombings “No surrender” Civilians Hand to hand combat Here comes 1942 winter
Soviets counter attack at Stalingrad Winter!! Stalin encircles Hitler’s 6 th Turning point casualties
Operation Torch 1942 North Africa Dwight Eisenhower Edwin Rommel-Desert Fox – Hitler’s Afrika Korps
Casablanca FDR/Churchill Unconditional surrender Churchill- Attack “soft underbelly of Europe”
Italian Campaign 1943 Partisan support Military build up in GB Mussolini imprisoned
1943 Fall of Sicily Mussolini imprisoned Hitler busted him out and returned him to power
1943 Bloody Anzio Rome 4 months 25,000 allies 30,000 axis
Mussolini’s demise
Tuskegee Airmen All black 99 th pursuit squadron Two distinguished unit citation
D-Day Operation Overlord June 6, 1944
Deception Campaign
"I'll see you in the Pas De Calais, Gavin!"Calais
Rommel’s Atlantic Wall German fortifications along French coast Deception campaign
Normandy Invasion Largest air, land, sea operation in history U.S. Casualties: 1465 dead, 3184 wounded, 1928 missing and 26 captured.
General George Patton “Dear Ike, today I spat in the Seine” U.S. 3 rd Army liberates Paris 1944
Battle of the Bulge Goal of Germany Last major German Offensive 1 month to reclaim territory casualties
Fall of Berlin April-May 1945 Extremely violent Soviets 82,000 v. German 456,000 Germans want to surrender to GB and US Soviets Liberate death camps
Hitler’s Suicide Eva Braun
VE Day May 8, 1945 Ike accepts the Unconditional Surrender of the Third Reich