Basic Nuclear Chemistry. Line vs. Continuous Spectra.

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Presentation transcript:

Basic Nuclear Chemistry

Line vs. Continuous Spectra

Continuous Spectrum all colors (wavelengths) are present prism separates different wavelengths white light photographic plate

Line Spectrum

7.3 Important Information: Line location Line intensity

Nuclear Atom electron (e - ) x g charge = -1 proton(p + ) x g charge = +1 neutron (n o ) x g no charge

A 19 X F Z 9 Isotopic Symbol element symbol atomic number Z = # protons mass number A = Z + #neutrons

Isotopes C C C These are isotopes of carbon (same Z, different A). Only 14 C is radioactive (unstable).

The Stable Isotopes

Nuclear Reactions Fusion - joining of 2 or more nuclei Fission - splitting of a nucleus radioactive decay - emission of particles and/or radiation from the nucleus

1p1p 1 1H1H 1 or proton 1n1n 0 neutron 0e0e 00 or electron (beta-) 0e0e +1 00 or positron (beta+) 4 He 2 44 2 or  particle Particles Involved in Nuclear Rxns …and  (gamma) radiation (not a particle)

n/p too large n/p too small beta decay positron emission electron capture

Geiger Counter

Radioactive Decay and Shielding (Problem #6)

Balancing Nuclear Equations 1.Conserve mass number (A) 1n1n 0 U Cs Rb n1n = x1 2.Conserve atomic number (Z) 1n1n 0 U Cs Rb n1n = x0

Problem #7: 212 Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212 Po. 4 He 2  = 212 = 4 + A; A = = 2 + Z; Z = Po 4 He Pb Po 4 He + A X 84 2Z

Radioisotopes in Medicine 1/3 of all hospital patients undergo nuclear medicine procedures. Brain images with 123 I-labeled compound

 24 Na, t 1/2 = 14.8 hr,  emitter, blood-flow tracer  131 I, t 1/2 = 8 hr,  emitter, thyroid gland activity  123 I, t 1/2 = 13.3 hr,  ray emitter, brain imaging  18 F, t 1/2 = 1.8 hr,   emitter, positron emission tomography  99m Tc, t 1/2 = 6 hr,  ray emitter, imaging agent Half Lives of Medical Isotopes t 1/2 = time for half the nuclide to decay These nuclides are chosen because they have short half lives. Why?