Power-Sharing Institutions of Federal States Political Science Faculty Master course Compound System of Governance Thomas Fleiner

Shared Rule Self Rule C o n s t i t u t i o n Basic Elements of Federalism

Constitution Making Common Law Function Civil Law Function Continuity Big Bang Pouvoir Constituant – Pouvoir Constitué – Legislature Amendment process USA, Canada, Australia Eternity Clauses Federal States

Democratic Governance Federal Governance Good Governance

Principles DemocracyRule of Law Fundamental Rights

Three Governmental Systems: Presidential System Westminter Type System Directorial System Semipresi- dential

In Parliament Centralized Sovereignty Parliament Head of State Cabinet

In Parliament centralized Sovereignty Parliament Head of State Cabinet

In Parliament centralized Sovereignty Parliament Head of State Cabinet

Crown Lords Commons

Crown Lords Commons

Crown Lords Commons

Cabinet Lords Crown Westminster

Elements of Influence Political Rights One man one vote one value Electoral System Constituency Major. Propor. Volonté Générale Volonté de Tous Borough Major. Propor. relativeabsolute Whole Country

Governmen- tal System Position First Chamber Status of Members of P Position of Parties Electoral system Electoral concept

Presidential System USA

Congress Represen- tatives Senate President Supreme Court USA Sover. Legislature Sover. Executive Sover. Judiciary

Federal Government Ges Jud Exe Governments Of States LegExeJud Federal Affairs People Citizens States

One Person One vote One Nation Each Canton Two votes Fed. Assembly National- council Cantons Federal Council (semi)Direct Democracy Initiative - Referendum Challenge for all Institutions Confl. manage. Education Lobbies Parties

People and Cantons Federation Canton Municiplali. Implem ent. Implement Vollzug Election Referendum Eölect. referendum

Forms of Federal Executives and Legislatures in Selected Federations

Federat ion Executive Legislature Head of Government Head Fe- deration Bicameral unic. Leg. Austr.CabinetPrime Mini.MonarchBicamer. AustriaCabinetChancellorEl. Presid.Bicamer. Belgi.CabinetPrime Mini.MonarchBicamer. CanadaCabinetPrime. Mini.MonarchBicamer. Germa.CabinetChancellorPres. El. Assembly Bicamer. Malays.CabinetPrime.Min.Sel. Her. rulers Bicamer. SpainCabinetPrime.Min.MonarchBicamer. CHFixed term Exec.Dire. Rot. Pres. Bicamer. USSep. Pres. Congress PresidentPres. Elected Bicamer.

Variations in Selection, Composition and Powers of Second Chambers S. Watts

SelectionCompositionPowersRole App. By Fed. Gov. CA Mal. 63% Seats Equal Regio. Repr. CA Absol Veto Mediation US, CH Legislature CH; US, AT AU MY App. By F.Gv. Nom. Provinc. Equ. St. Re. AU, US,CH Abs. Veto f. some Leg. Legis.; int. Gvt Rel ZA App. State Gov. GE 2 Cat. Of St. Repres. CH Susp. Veto time ES MY Interpret. Const. Ethi. Ind. El. State legis. AT IN MY Weighed. St. Repr. AU. IN. Susp.Veto GE Dir.El. Simpl. Plur. CH, US Weighed St. Repr. IN, AT Deadlock: joint Sitting Dir. El. Prop. AU Ad.repr.for other IN,MY Deadlock: Diss. Joint Sit. Choice left to Cantons CH Min. reg. repr. ES,BE Money Bill Sus Veto IN,My Mixed. BE.ES, MY Repr. Nation Ehtiop. Judic. Funct. Ethiop.

Council Head of States States Council of Ministers Parliament Peoples Presi- dent Commission President Foreign Aff. European Union People(‘s?) of the Union?

Concluding Remarks

Major Issues Democratic participation of the people Democratic accountability Horizontal and vertical Checks and Ba- lances / Separation of powers Transparency including participation Rule of Law Participation of federal units and People’s

Major Challenges Parties, Parliament and election Checks and Balances Independence of Judiciary local and federal Nation and Nation-Building One or two chambers? Democratic governance versus Federal governance