ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Human Body: An Orientation

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Topic checklist 401A  define the terms anatomy and physiology  list the levels of structural organisation of the human body in order and explain how they are related  list the functions (human life processes) that humans must perform to maintain life  list the survival needs of the human body  define homeostasis and the difference between negative and positive feedback systems  describe and demonstrate the anatomical position  use anatomical terminology to describe and identify:  Regional terms (body landmarks)  Directional terms  Body Planes and Sections  The four quadrants and nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity  locate the major body cavities, and list the chief organs in each cavity

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Definitions  Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts  Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function  Pathophysiology – study of the functional changes associated with disease and aging

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – Levels of Study  Gross Anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4 Anatomy – Levels of Study  Microscopic Anatomy  Very small structures  Can only be viewed with a microscope

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview  Integumentary  Forms the external body covering  Protects deeper tissue from injury  Synthesizes vitamin D  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview  Skeletal  Protects and supports body organs  Provides muscle attachment for movement  Site of blood cell formation  Stores mineral

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview  Muscular  Allows locomotion  Maintains posture  Produces heat

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2d Organ System Overview  Nervous  Fast-acting control system  Responds to internal and external change  Activates muscles and glands

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2e Organ System Overview  Endocrine  Secretes regulatory hormones  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview  Cardiovascular  Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Wastes

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Lymphatic  Returns fluids to blood vessels  Disposes of debris  Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Respiratory  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Digestive  Breaks down food  Allows for nutrient absorption into blood  Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Urinary  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Maintains acid – base balance  Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Reproductive  Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional characterisitcs (human life processes)  Maintain Boundaries  Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances  Responsiveness  Ability to sense changes and react  Digestion  Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional characterisitcs (human life processes)  Metabolism – all chemical reactions within the body  Production of energy  Making body structures  Excretion  Elimination of waste products

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functional characterisitcs (human life processes)  Reproduction  Production of future generation  Growth  Increasing of cell size and number  Respiration  Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Nutrients  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Water  60–80% of body weight  Provides for metabolic reaction  Stable body temperature  Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium  Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity  Works like a household thermostat

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy  Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding  Exact terms are used for:  Position  Direction  Regions  Structures

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional terms  Anterior Figure 1.5a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional terms  Posterior Figure 1.5b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional terms  Divide into 4 groups  Find the descriptions that match the regional terms you have been given and write the regional terms in your learning guide.  Attach the stickers to a model in your group.  Explain your regional terms to the rest of the class.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes Figure 1.6

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.7

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exercise  A large organ in the RUQ is the..... ?  The spleen is located in which quadrant?

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings How do we look inside the body?  Until about 50 years ago the X-Ray was the only way to look inside the body  X-Rays are still useful and best show hard bony structures and locate abnormally dense structures ( tumours, Tuberculosis)  CT Scan: Computed tomography, confines its beam to a thin slice of the body. CT’s have helped eliminate much exploratory surgery, because the scans provide a detailed cross sectional picture of the body region scanned

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medical Imaging  CT Scans provide good images of bony tissue, the brain and the abdomen.  Angiography: provides a good view of blood vessels, particularly used to detect blockages in blood vessels.  MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses magnetic fields to obtain images. It is used for providing information that X- Rays and CT cannot determine. Very good for viewing soft tissues, but does not show bony tissue very well

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Medical Imaging  Ultrasound- safe and low cost, uses high frequency sound waves, which make echoes when reflected off the tissue. Technique of choice for obstetrics. Does not work effectively in air filled structures.  PET scan (Positron emission tomography) is used to observe metabolic processes. Used to provide insights into brain activity