Biogeochemistry Dating (relative/absolute). Relative/Absolute dating Dating by assemblages of organisms is referred to as R D. Dating with numerical numbers.

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Presentation transcript:

Biogeochemistry Dating (relative/absolute)

Relative/Absolute dating Dating by assemblages of organisms is referred to as R D. Dating with numerical numbers using radio active method referred to as A D.

Relative dating التأريخ النسبي: هي الطريقة المستخدمة لتحديد الأعمار النسبية الجيولوجية (عهد ، أحداث تاريخية ، الخ). هذه الطريقة لا تعطي الأعمار بشكل محدد للأشياء.ولكنها فقط تعطي توالي الطبقات أو تحدد ما إذا كان شيء أ كبر أو أصغر عمرا من شيء أخر.

Absolute dating الطريقة المطلقة للتأريخ هي الطريقة التي تتيح لنا تحديد موعد محدد لموقع أثري أو الأداة. تستخدم معظم طرق التأريخ المطلق معدلات محددة سلفا من الانحلال (الاضمحلال) المشع لحساب انقضاء فترة من الزمن. على عكس الطريقة النسبية فإن طريقة القياس المطلقة هي طريقة كمية لتحديد وقت محدد ، وليس نسبيا. طريقة التأريخ المطلق تقدر العمر العددي للمواد ، في حين تعطي الطريقة النسبية التسلسل الزمني.

الطرق الأكثر استخداما للتأريخ هي باستخدام العناصر المشعة أغلب الصخور القارية تحتوي على القليل من المعادن المشعة ك اليورانيوم و الثوريم والبوتاسيم (المشع) والتي تتحول الى ذرات معادن أخرى. كل النظائر المشعة لها نصف العمر الخاص بها: المدة الزمنية التي يحتاجة نصف كمية العنصر الموجده في العنصر(parent) الأصل عينة قيد القياس لتتحلل الى العنصر (daughter)الفرع Parent element/ Daughter element (U/Pb)العنصر الأصل/العنصرالفرع (U/Pb) بعض الأمثلة على نصف العمر: Rubidium-Strontium H L(4.7 billion years) Uranium-Lead H L(4.5 billion years) Potassium-Argon H L(1.3 billion years)

Problem بعض المشاكل تضارب النائج باستخدام طرق تعين مختلفة من المواد المشعة لنفس العينة Sometimes rocks that are thought to be much older than other rocks (because they are buried several layers under them) date much younger than the rocks found above them! Often rocks that are known to be very young (because they come from recent volcanoes whose eruption date is known) give dates using radioactive dating methods that are very old and therefore known to be erroneous

NOW Research is not easy interpretation should be logic It is not a matter of putting your samples in an instrument and having the result As it has been said earlier result could be contradicting

C14 Carbon atom weighs 12 atomic mass units. One in every trillion carbon atoms (in earth atmosphere TODAY) weighs 14 atomic unit. C14 is a radioactive atom Half of the C14 will decay in about 5730 years from the time it was formed to form Nitrogen (and half of the reminder will decay into N in another 5730 years and so on)

N.B: Carbon dating used on organic material (not on rocks or even fossils), C14 not used for dating on anything considered to be older than years. When N in the earth’s upper atmosphere is struck by cosmic radiation it turns into C14 N(14) C(14) Most C14 quickly will combines with oxygen to form radioactive CO2 plant absorb CO2 (small amount will be C(radioactive)O2; C(14)O2)

Feeding on plants animals will take than some of the C14 in their bodies When animal and plant die they stop absorbing C14 and this C14 will slowly decay into nitrogen By measuring the amount left in the dead animals and with some assumption scientist could determine the date of the animal death.

Assumptions Made in Radiocarbon Dating 1-A constant rate of decay - i.e. the half-life of carbon-14 has always been 5,730 years 2-No loss or gain of parent or daughter - i.e. the specimen being dated has not taken in or lost any carbon-14 since the time it died (e.g through contamination).

3- Known amounts of daughter at the start. This requires that the following things be true: – The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 that exists in the earth’s atmosphere today has always been the same. Has it always been the same? – The ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 that exists in all living things always matches the ratio that exists in the earth’s atmosphere. Does it?