1. Absolute Ages of Rocks Sci. 3.3

2. Absolute age: Age in years

3. Question 1

4. Nucleus (center) of atom: Protons, + charge Neutrons, No charge (Neutral) Electrons, - charge outside nucleus P e- H P N N P He P N N P e- P N Li Draw these

5. Question 2 2a. Which subatomic particle is not found in the nucleus? P. n. e 2b. A neutron has a _____ charge. Positive, negative, no charge

6. Number of protons: Determines identity of element P e- H P N N P He P N N P e- P N Li 12 3 PP P

7. Question 3 3a. If a He atom lost a proton, it would become what element? H, Li, C, O 3b. If a He atom gained a proton, it would become what kind of atom? H, Li, C, O

8. Number of neutrons: Determines which form (isotope) of element 6 P 6 N 6 P 8 N Carbon 7 P 7 N Nitrogen 12 C 14 C 14 N 1214

9. 19 P 21 N 11 P 12 N PotassiumSodium 18 P 22 N Argon 40 K 23 Na 40 Ar 4023 40

10. HydrogenNitrogen Phosphorus 2H2H 15 N 28 P 215 28 1 P 1 N 7 P 8 N 15 P 13 N

11. Question 4 4a. How many neutrons does the isotope 14C have? 6, 7, 8, 14 4b. How many neutrons does the isotope 13C have? 6, 7, 8, 13

12. Some isotopes are unstable Radioactive decay Parent material Daughter material 14 C 14 N e -

13. Question 5 5a. All carbon atoms have __ protons. 6, 7, 8, 14 5b. All nitrogen atoms have __ protons. 6, 7, 8, 14

14. Half-life: Time it takes for half of atoms to decay Ex: 14 C = 5730 years ( 235 U=700 m.y., 238 U=4.5 b.y.)

15. Question 6 6a. If an organism had 100g of 14C when it died around 11,500 years ago (2 half-lives), how much 14C would it have today? 200, 50, 25g, 15g 6b. If an organism had 120g of 14C when it died around 17,000 years ago (3 half-lives), how much 14C would it have today? 360, 60, 30g, 15g

16. Radiometric dating: Calculating age based on half-life

17. ratio of parent material to daughter material

18. Question 7

19. Radiocarbon dating: For dating dead things good to 75k years ago For original remains only (dinos 65mil )

20. Shroud of Turin

21. Question 8 8a. Would radiocarbon dating be useful for dating the exact age of the earth (~4.6 billion years)? Y/N 8b. Would radiocarbon dating be useful for dating a trace fossil that is around 50k years old? Y/N

22. Earth’s age ~4.5 bil. years Oldest rocks ~3.9 bil

23. Question 9 9a. The earth is approximately how old? 4.5 bil, 4.5 mil, 4.5 thousand 9b. When the earth first formed, its surface: was molten rock, lacked liquid water, did not have an atmosphere, all of the above

24. uniformitarianism: Processes that change the earth today, are the same that changed it in the past

25. Question 10 10a. The processes that shape the earth’s surface generally work: very slowly, very quickly 10b. Which process forms new elements? uniformitarianism, superposition, permineralization, radioactive decay