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Case Study: Conflict in Iran

Essential Questions What are the causes of conflict in Iran? Why is there a strained relationship between the US and Iran? What are possible solutions to the conflict in Iran?

Enduring Understandings Conflict in the among nations in the Middle East exists due to religious, cultural and ethnic differences and disputes over territory and resources. Many Muslims disapprove of US foreign policy which favors Israel, has helped overthrow elected leaders, and has supported corrupt and totalitarian governments in the region. Solutions to conflict in the Middle East may require the West to adjust its foreign policy and for Middle Eastern nations to take risks toward peace.

Roots of Conflict Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (the Shah) took over Iran through a coup détente in He worked to modernize the county and expand civil rights, including women’s suffrage. US & Great Britian helped Pahlavi take over Iran He became increasingly dictatorial in his leadership & killed those who disagreed with him.

Roots of Conflict Ayatollah Khomeini (A Shiite Leader) led a movement to go against the modern changes Pahlavi made – Wanted Iran to become a strict Islamic State – He was arrested by the police but continued to speak out against the Shah and against the US

Roots of Conflict In 1978 and 1979, several political groups gathered together to overthrow the Shah – Khomeini returned. – Iranian citizens voted for the nation to become a theocratic country, meaning all laws were established based off of the Islamic Law – This was known as the “Islamic Revolution” or “Iranian Revolution.” Relations with the US significantly deteriorated during this time.

Roots of Conflict In November 1979, Iranian students held 52 people hostage in the US Embassy for 444 days. The US military made failed attempts to rescue them. Iran released them on the day of Ronald Reagan’s inauguration as president.

Roots of Conflict Iran was a very weak nation at this point, Saddam Hussein declared war on Iran in The Iran-Iraq war lasted until – The United States supported Iraq – However, the US secretly gave weapons to Iran in exchange for other hostages to be set free

Roots of Conflict This event became known as the Iran-Contra Affair*.

Roots of Conflict The United Nations was concerned about Iran having nuclear bombs – President Bush said that Iran, Iraq & North Korea were an “axis of evil” – The US blamed Iran for giving weapons and shelter to terrorists

Case Study: Conflict in Iraq

Essential Questions What are the causes of the conflicts in the Middle East? Why is the United States fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan? What are possible solutions to the conflicts in the Middle East?

Enduring Understandings Conflict in the among nations in the Middle East exists due to religious, cultural and ethnic differences and disputes over territory and resources. Many Muslims disapprove of US foreign policy which favors Israel, has helped overthrow elected leaders, and has supported corrupt and totalitarian governments in the region. Solutions to conflict in the Middle East may require the West to adjust its foreign policy and for Middle Eastern nations to take risks toward peace.

Roots of Conflict After World War I, the British established a King of Iraq that was not Iraqi… – Iraq had several kings over the years and many coup détentes occurred until Saddam Hussein took over Iraq in 1969

Roots of Conflict Saddam used chemical weapons to kill thousands of people He also killed those who spoke out against him In 1980, Saddam Hussein declared war on Iran to take over oil fields, territory & power in the Middle East (and again in Kuwait) – Over 1.5 million people were killed!

Roots of Conflict Because of the Iran Hostage Crisis of the late 1970s, the US supported Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War.

Roots of Conflict Once the war ended, Saddam was ordered to destroy his weapons of mass destruction (which had been used against the Kurds) and submit to UN weapons inspection.

Roots of Conflict Saddam refused to let the UN inspect that all weapons were destroyed, so all trade with Iraq stopped. Iraq’s only source of money was OIL (which they traded with the world)…. – There was no way for people to make money! Iraqi people were in crisis, but still, Saddam refused to go through with the inspection

Roots of Conflict The United States and the United Nations felt very strongly that Iraq had nuclear weapons and eventually invaded Iraq. – Saddam Hussein was captured & hanged – Iraqi’s were able to vote for the 1 st time & are in a state of rebuilding

Roots of Conflict Saddam Hussein was captured by Americans and ultimately executed in 2006 by a new Iraqi government for crimes against humanity.

Roots of Conflict Though Iraq has held several free elections and is working toward being a more democratic society, there continues to be conflict between forces for democracy and those that wish to see an Islamic form of government.