Organizational Behavior Course Model OB Outcomes: Attitudes and Behaviors Effort Job Satisfaction Absenteeism Turnover Stress Workplace Violence Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Commitment Employee Theft Safety and Accidents Sexual Harassment Grievances Influenced by Managers Using Application of Individual Differences Perceptions Attributions Attitude change Values Personality Group Dynamics Reward Systems Job Design Leadership

What is Job Satisfaction? The emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experience; one’s attitude toward one’s job College course satisfaction exercise

SUMMARY STRATEGY FOR HANDLING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Less Permanent, More Permanent More Situational, Take as a given and Subject to managerial influence deal with PerceptionsAttributions Attitudes Values Personality Changeable Deep-Seated Highly variable Influenced byHas biological within andWork Groups, Peers component. across individuals Socialization.

What is a concept map? A visual representation of a knowledge structure A tool for organizing and representing knowledge Creativity in business thinking tool A tool to facilitate meaningful learning –Helps students make connections among a set of concepts and job satisfaction

What does a concept map look like? Various forms A simple concept map on an individual’s knowledge of a cup of coffee might look like this: coffee ground up coffee beans hot water caffeine sleep increase alertness contains naturally have can be removed from can inhibit

Sample Maps Spider concept maps

Sample Maps Hierarchical concept maps

Sample maps: Systems concept maps Input Output

Why Complete Maps? Help you appreciate others’ viewpoints and perspectives Concept maps encourage you to organize and enhance your knowledge on any topic. Concept maps help you learn new information by integrating each new idea into an existing body of knowledge. See new connections & enhance creativity

ISSUES RELATED TO JOB SATISFACTION 1. What is job satisfaction and why is it important? 2. What is the status of job satisfaction in the U.S. today? 3. What are the controversies surrounding job satisfaction? a. How much variation in performance is explained by satisfaction? b. Could job performance cause job satisfaction? c. Is job satisfaction really an attitude? 4. What factors affect job satisfaction?

REASONS FOR INTEREST IN JOB SATISFACTION 1. Value judgment 2. Mental health 3. Stress & physical health 4. Public relations function 5. Collegiality 6.Customer satisfaction 7.Lateness, Absenteeism & Turnover Under Investigation a. File fewer grievances b. Have fewer accidents c.Engage in more organizational citizenship behaviors & fewer counterproductive behaviors d.Retire later

What is the Status of Job Satisfaction? Americans are satisfied Gallup polls report consistently high responses Recent polls reconfirm Americans are dissatisfied Poll wording is flawed Different operationali- zations yield different results How you pose the question is key: Job Descriptive Index (JDI) recommended

90% “completely” or “somewhat” satisfied 1997: 84% (37% completely, 47% somewhat)

“If you could start your work life over again, would you choose the same occupation again?” Percent who would choose similar work again (Want children to follow in footsteps) Professional and White collar Working Class University professors Printers Physicists Skilled auto workers Biologists Skilled steel workers Lawyers Textile workers Journalists Unskilled auto workers Other What are the limitations to this approach?

JOB DESCRIPTIVE INDEX Measures satisfaction with the following, separately: 1. The work itself 2. Supervision 3. Pay 4. Coworkers 5. Opportunities for advancement/promotion

Employee JDI Job Satisfaction Over Time 2009 a 2011 b 2014 c Overall 86% 83% 86% Interest In work 90% 70%73% Supervisor Relations 87% 77%73% Wages (pay) 72% 58%62% Coworkers Relations 92% 79% Promotion76%46%54% a, b, c Source: 2010, 2012 and 2015 Employee Job Satisfaction: A survey report by SHRM including “somewhat satisfied” and “very satisfied” Red entries traditionally the dimensions rated lowest

What are the controversies surrounding job satisfaction? How much variation in performance is explained by satisfaction? What do concept maps indicate? 9% of the variance in job performance can typically be explained by job satisfaction. This is the strength of “the satisfied worker is the productive worker” belief. Text describes this as “pretty strong”.

What are the controversies surrounding job satisfaction? Could job performance cause job satisfaction? P S Job Job Performance Satisfaction Is job satisfaction really an attitude? Satisfaction stable over time May be more like a personality trait (& not subject to manager influence) Supported by identical twin reared apart data

DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION Individual Personality traits: self-esteem, stamina, internal locus of control positive affectivity (disposition, hope, and resilience Status/seniority in the organization Genetics

DETERMINANTS OF JOB SATISFACTION Organizational/Job Related Perceived fairness of rewards Perceived quality of supervision Decentralization of power Pleasant physical working conditions Job design

Organizational Behavior Course Model OB Outcomes: Attitudes and Behaviors Effort Job Satisfaction Absenteeism Turnover Stress Workplace Violence Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Commitment Employee Theft Safety and Accidents Sexual Harassment Grievances Influenced by Managers Using Application of Individual Differences Perceptions Attributions Attitude change Values Personality Group Dynamics Reward Systems Job Design Leadership

Managing Job Satisfaction via Job Design Making work more meaningful Achieving a healthier fit between people and jobs Job design thus refers to how work is sub- divided; how tasks are grouped & assigned to people

Job Design Strategies Level of Work Specialization Job Characteristics Theory Work Teams High (few things) Low (many things) Jobs as Assigned 1850 Specialized Craft Jobs Scientific Management Job Rotation Job Enlargement Job Enrichment Reverse specialization Origin

High (do a few things) Low (do many things) High Low Job Satisfaction Level of Specialization (Division of Labor)

Job Design Strategy → less radical less expensive Job rotation Job enlargement (horizontal job loading) Job enrichment (vertical job loading) · adds planning & control Self-Directed Work Teams (Job enrichment at the group level) more radical more expensive Core Job Characteristics Task variety (different skills) Task variety + Task identity (whole piece of work) + Feedback (job provides info on performance) Task variety, + task identity + Feedback + Job autonomy (job offers independence & self-determination of scheduling) + Task significance (job affects others) Task variety + Task identity + Feedback + Job autonomy + Task significance (to a greater extent)

Perceived Core Job Characteristics Skill variety (different skills) Task identity (whole piece of work) Task significance (job affects others) Autonomy (job offers independence & self-determination of scheduling) Job Feedback (job provides info on performance)

Characteristics of Self-Directed (Self-Managed) Teams Members... Are held accountable for quantity & quality of work Have discretion in assigning tasks & scheduling Can perform multiple jobs on the team because of cross training (mandatory job rotation) Evaluate each other’s job performance – Are responsible for total quality of group output Frequently use skill based pay and gain-sharing “Job Enrichment at the group level”

How Does Job Enrichment Enhance Job Satisfaction? Causal processes are explained by the Job Characteristics Enrichment Model

Job Characteristics Enrichment Model Core Job Characteristics Critical Psychological States Personal and Work Outcomes Experienced meaningfulness of the work Knowledge of the actual results of the work Skill variety Task identity Task significance Autonomy Job feedback Experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work High internal work motivation High-quality work performance High satisfaction with the work Low absenteeism and turnover Individual Differences Knowledge and skill Growth-need strength Satisfaction w/contextual factors

Job Enrichment (infusing jobs with the five core job characteristics) Job Satisfaction Effort Absenteeism Turnover Grievances Quality Productivity

Practical Issues Related to Job Enrichment: Factors to Consider Before Implementing Job Redesign Does the job need enriching? Can it be meaningfully enriched? Is your workforce likely to desire job enrichment?

Job Enrichment (infusing job with the 5 core job characteristics) Job Satisfaction Effort Absenteeism Turnover Grievances Quality Productivity Does the job need enriching? as perceived by the employee; avoid Error of extrapolating from self

Which of the “Core Job Characteristics” are Deficient? Skill variety (different skills) Task identity (whole piece of work) Task significance (job affects others) Autonomy (job offers independence & self-determination of scheduling) Job Feedback (job provides info on performance)

Job Diagnostic Survey Evaluate your present or most recent job using a scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). This job... __ 1. Provides much variety. __ 2. Permits me to be left on my own to do my work. __ 3. Is arranged so that I often have the opportunity to see jobs or projects through to completion. __ 4. Provides feedback on how well I am doing as I am working. __ 5. Is relatively significant in my organization. __ 6. Gives me considerable opportunity for independence and freedom in how I do the work. __ 7. Provides different responsibilities.

__ 8. Enables me to find out how well I am doing. __ 9. Is important in the broader scheme of things. __10. Provides an opportunity for independent thought and action. __ 11. Provides me with considerable variety of work. __ 12. Is arranged so that I have the opportunity to complete the work I start. __ 13. Provides me with the feeling that I know whether I am performing well or poorly. __14. Is arranged so that I have the chance to do a job from the beginning to the end (i.e., a chance to do the whole job). __ 15. Is one where a lot of other people can be affected by how well the work gets done.

Motivating Potential Score (Var + Task Id + Task Sig) 3 X Autonomy X Feedback Norm for U.S. jobs is 130; range Weighted equally in model

Job Characteristics Enrichment Model Core Job Characteristics Critical Psychological States Personal and Work Outcomes Experienced meaningfulness of the work Knowledge of the actual results of the work Skill variety Task identity Task significance Autonomy Job feedback Experienced responsibility for outcomes of the work High internal work motivation High-quality work performance High satisfaction with the work Low absenteeism and turnover Individual Differences Knowledge and skill Growth-need strength Satisfaction w/contextual factors

Can the job be meaningfully enriched?: Dental Hygienist Case Example Some characteristics may be: Un-enrichable due to technological or profit constraints; just not cost/benefit effective Cannot figure out how to enrich

Can the job be meaningfully enriched?: Dental Hygienist Case Example Job already high in: task significance task identity feedback Projected to be: medium to low in variety low in autonomy How to Enrich?????

Is your workforce likely to desire job enrichment? Enrichment efforts typically introduced by management Unions leadership often suspicious; involvement critical. Enrichment perceived as: Diversionary tactic Reduction in the number of jobs needed possible Trick to get labor to assume managerial responsibilities Current wage systems may require adjustment Worker preferences may be taken into account