Photosynthesis p. 226

Energy – Living things must obtain and use energy, even when at rest. Where does that energy come from? 8.1 Energy and Life

Chemical Energy and ATP –One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release –energy is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). –ATP consists of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups.

ATP-ADP Cycle ATP to ADP + P = energy released ADP + P to ATP = energy stored

Using Biochemical Energy –Energy from ATP powers the synthesis of proteins and responses to chemical signals at the cell surface.

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs –Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things are known as heterotrophs. –Some heterotrophs get their food by eating plants. –Other heterotrophs, such as this cheetah, obtain food from plants indirectly by feeding on plant-eating animals. –Still other heterotrophs, such as mushrooms, obtain food by decomposing other organisms.

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs –Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs. –Plants, algae, and some bacteria are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. The process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high-energy carbohydrates that can be used for food is known as photosynthesis.

8.2 Photosynthesis Light –Energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of light. –Sunlight is a mixture of different wavelengths, many of which are visible to our eyes and make up the visible spectrum.

Pigments Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called pigments. The plants main pigment is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll a and b absorb blue-violet and red. They do not absorb green.

Pigments –The two types of chlorophyll found in plants, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, absorb light very well in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum, but not in the green region, as shown in the graph. –Leaves reflect green light, which is why plants look green.

Pigments –Plants also contain red and orange pigments such as carotene that absorb light in other regions of the spectrum.

Chloroplast Draw and label

Energy Collection –Because light is a form of energy, any compound that absorbs light absorbs energy. Chlorophyll absorbs visible light especially well. –When chlorophyll absorbs light, a large fraction of the light energy is transferred to electrons. These high-energy electrons make photosynthesis work.

Light dependent reaction Occurs in the thylakoid membrane Produces ATP energy NADPH source O 2 released (from water) Light independent reaction Calvin cycle C 3 Occurs in the stroma CO 2 is fixed Uses ATP and NADPH (from above) to make glucose

An Overview of Photosynthesis –Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high- energy sugars and oxygen. –In symbols: –6 CO H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O O 2 –In words: –Carbon dioxide + Water  Sugars + Oxygen

8.3 The End Results –The two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together—the light-dependent reactions trap the energy of sunlight in chemical form, and the light- independent reactions use that chemical energy to produce stable, high-energy sugars from carbon dioxide and water. –In the process, animals, including humans, get food and an atmosphere filled with oxygen.

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis The most important factors affecting photosynthesis are * Temperature-0 C -35 C are the temperatures enzymes work the best * Light- light intensity increases the rate to a point, then levels off * Water- raw material needed in the process

Photosynthesis under extreme conditions In hot, dry areas plants need to conserve water. They usually do this by closing the small openings in their leaves (stomata) that allow carbon dioxide to enter.

C4 Photosynthesis –C4 plants have a specialized chemical pathway that allows them to capture even very low levels of carbon dioxide and pass it to the Calvin cycle (Dark reaction or light-independent reaction) –The name “C4 plant” comes from the fact that the first compound formed in this pathway contains 4 carbon atoms. –The C4 pathway requires extra energy in the form of ATP to function. –C4 organisms include crop plants like corn, sugar cane, and sorghum.

CAM Plants –Members of the Crassulacae family, such as cacti and succulents, incorporate carbon dioxide into organic acids during photosynthesis in a process called Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).

CAM Plants –CAM plants admit air into their leaves only at night, where carbon dioxide is combined with existing molecules to produce organic acids, “trapping” the carbon within the leaves. –During the daytime, when leaves are tightly sealed to prevent water loss, these compounds release carbon dioxide, enabling carbohydrate production. –CAM plants include pineapple trees, many desert cacti, and “ice plants”.