2. ATP ATP Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store and release energy

3. ATP ATP Made up of: Made up of: 1. Adenine 2. 5-carbon sugar called ribose 3. Three phosphate groups (The key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.)

4. ATP vs. ADP Adenosine Diphosphate – ATP minus one phosphate group Adenosine Diphosphate – ATP minus one phosphate group  ATP – contains three phosphate groups (tri = three)  ADP – contains two phosphate groups (di = two)

5. Adenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Diphosphate

6. ATP and Energy  ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source.  Energy is released when a phosphate is removed.

7. Heterotroph Heterotroph - Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer Heterotroph - Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

8. Autotroph Autotroph - Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer. Autotroph - Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer.

9. Photosynthesis

10. Which organisms go through Photosynthesis? Plants Photosynthetic Bacteria (ex. Cyanobacteria) Some Protists (ex. Algae)

11. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis - Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches. Photosynthesis - Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.

12. Photosynthesis Needed (Reactants): Needed (Reactants): 1. Light 2. Water 3. Carbon dioxide Given Off (Products): Given Off (Products): 1. Sugars 2. Oxygen

13. Chlorophyll Photosynthesis also requires chlorophyll, a molecule located in chloroplasts. Photosynthesis also requires chlorophyll, a molecule located in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll - Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy Chlorophyll - Principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy

14. Chlorophyll Plants gather the sun's energy with light- absorbing molecules called pigments. Plants gather the sun's energy with light- absorbing molecules called pigments. The plants' principal pigments are called chlorophyll. The plants' principal pigments are called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum therefore green light is reflected by leaves (this is why plants look green). Chlorophyll does not absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum therefore green light is reflected by leaves (this is why plants look green).

17. Chloroplast Vocabulary Thylakoids - Saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts. (where chlorophyll is found) Thylakoids - Saclike photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts. (where chlorophyll is found) Stroma - Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts Stroma - Region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

18. Two Sets of Reactions in Photosynthesis 1. The Light-Dependent Reactions 2. The Light-Independent Reactions (aka- Calvin Cycle) These two chemical reactions work together! These two chemical reactions work together!

19. Light-Dependent Reactions Takes place within the thylakoid membranes Takes place within the thylakoid membranes Requires light Requires light Requires: Water, ADP, and NADP + Requires: Water, ADP, and NADP + Produce: Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH Produce: Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

21. Electron Carriers within the Light Dependent reaction 1. Chlorophyll (in the Thylakoid membrane) absorbs energy from sunlight and energized electrons enter the electron transport chain. 2. Water molecules are broken down. Oxygen is released as waste and electrons enter chlorophyll. 3. Energy from electrons in the transport chain is used to pump hydrogens ions across the thylakoid membrane

22. Electron Carriers within the Light Dependent reaction 4. More energy is absorbed and transferred to electrons 5. Energized electrons leave the electron transport chain and are used to produce NADPH 6. Hydrogen ions flow through a channel coupled to ATP synthase. 7. ATP synthase produces ATP.

23. Light Dependent Reactions The sunlight breaks each water molecule into : The sunlight breaks each water molecule into : electrons electrons H + ions (released into thylakoid membrane) H + ions (released into thylakoid membrane) Oxygen atoms (released into the air) Oxygen atoms (released into the air)

24. Light Dependent Reactions As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP +, more hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane. As electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP +, more hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane. Inside of the membrane fills up with positively charged hydrogen ions. Inside of the membrane fills up with positively charged hydrogen ions. Outside of thylakoid membrane becomes negatively charged. Outside of thylakoid membrane becomes negatively charged. The difference in charges across the membrane provides the energy to make ATP. The H + ions are important! The difference in charges across the membrane provides the energy to make ATP. The H + ions are important!

25. Light Dependent Reactions ATP Synthase - Large protein/enzyme that uses energy from H + ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP. ATP Synthase - Large protein/enzyme that uses energy from H + ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP. Spans the thylakoid membrane and allows H + ions to pass through it. Spans the thylakoid membrane and allows H + ions to pass through it. Overall: Produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP + into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. Overall: Produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP + into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH.

26. The Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) Takes place in the stroma Takes place in the stroma Requires: ATP, NADPH from the light- dependent reaction. Also CO 2 Requires: ATP, NADPH from the light- dependent reaction. Also CO 2 Produces: high-energy sugars. Produces: high-energy sugars.

27. Calvin Cycle 1. Carbon dioxide added to the Calvin cycle. 2. Energy is used to split six CO 2 molecules. Three carbon molecules are formed and rearranged. A. three-carbon molecule exits the cycle. Other three-carbon molecules stay in the cycle.

28. Calvin Cycle 3. When two three-carbon molecules have left the cycle, the bond to form a six-carbon sugar 4. Energy is used to convert the remaining three-carbon molecules into five-carbon molecules.

31. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis 1. Water  A shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis. 2. Temperature  Photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function best between 0°C and 35°C. 3. Intensity of Light  Increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis...but a plant will reach a maximum rate.