1. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Biology Ms. Holland

2. Important !!!!!!!! Copy down Info from the next slide entitled Heterotrophs vs. autotrophs on back of the note sheet I gave you today!

3. 8.1 Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs A. Plants Plants and some other living things can use light energy from the sun to make food These organisms are called autotrophs Ie) Plants B. Many organisms cannot use the sun’s energy directly These organisms are called heterotrophs, and get their energy from food Ie) Animals

4. ATP Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a compound that cells use to store energy and can be used and converted to release energy ATP is the basic energy source of all cells Cells use energy from ATP to carry out many activities such as: Active transport, synthesis(making)of proteins and nucleic acids and any activity the cell needs energy for ATP is made up of adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups

5. ADP D. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a compound similar to ATP that is formed when we want to use the energy ADP only has two phosphate groups Energy stored in ATP is released or able to be used by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups thus creating ADP Equation to make ADP ATP-P=ADP **When extra energy is available, a cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP** Equation to make ATP ADP + P = ATP

6. Like a battery Used battery Fully charged battery

7. Why do we only have a small amount of ATP It is not efficient for us to store large amounts of ATP. Instead we eat often and create ATP when needed. We only store a small amount for emergencies

8. Stop here! I will be modifying and updating all notes after this slide. Do not copy or print out please!!

9. Begin notes for Monday 10/31 here!

10. 8.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS: AN OVERVIEW A. Research into photosynthesis began centuries ago B. Scientists found that in the presence of light, plants change carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and give off oxygen This process is called photosynthesis

11. Equation The overall equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO 2 + 6 H2O light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water  1 glucose + 6 oxygen

12. C. Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen Plants get the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis from the air or from the water in which they grow Write next to the word Power Notes on the top of your your favorite Halloween costume or candy Plants use the sugars produced during photosynthesis to make complex carbohydrates such as starches

13. Pigments D. Photosynthesis also requires light and chlorophyll Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called pigments When a compound absorbs light it also absorbs the light’s energy(or electrons) The main pigment in plants is chlorophyll There are two main types: chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b When chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, much of the light energy is sent directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecules This raises the energy levels of the electrons

14. 8.2 CONT. E. The visible spectrum is made up of wavelengths of light you can see This spectrum contains all the colors Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum well Chlorophyll does not absorb light in the green region well Plants look green because their leaves (full of chlorophyll) reflect this green light

15. A Stack of individual thylakoids are called Grana

16. STOP HERE!!

17. 8.3 THE REACTIONS OF PHTOSYNTHESIS A. In plants and other photosynthetic organisms, photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts Chloroplasts have saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as photosystems The photosystems are the light-collecting units of chlorophyll B. When sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, the electrons gain energy The electron transfers its energy to another molecule The energy continues to move from molecule to molecule until it gets to the end of the chain

18. 8.3 CONT. The reactions of photosynthesis occur in two parts: light-dependent reactions and light- independent reactions Light-dependent reactions (light reactions) Produce oxygen gas Convert ADP into ATP; convert NADP+ into NADPH These reactions need light and they occur in the thylakoid membranes The light dependent reactions can be divided into four processes: Light absorption Oxygen production Electron transport ATP formation The light-dependent reactions use water, ADP, and NADP+ They produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH

19. Light-independent reactions (dark reactions or Calvin cycle) Do not need light Use ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars Take place in the stroma of chloroplasts Use carbon dioxide in the reactions As photosynthesis proceeds, the Calvin cycle works steadily to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and turn out energy- rich sugars Six carbon dioxide molecules are needed to make a single 6- carbon sugar D. Many factors affect the rate of photosynthesis Such as water availability, temperature, and the intensity of light