Layers of kidney Renal capsule Renal cortex Renal medulla (Renal pyramid) (renal column)

Renal artery & vein Renal pelvis Minor Calyx (calyces) Major calyx Renal papillae ureter

Nephron

Renal corpuscle Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting duct Proximal Convoluted Tubule Descending Nephron loop Ascending Nephron loop Nephron

Renal Corpuscle Glomerular (bowman’s) capsule Glomerulus Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole

Renal corpuscle

Urinalysis Characteristics Color – light to dark yellow (urochrome – biproduct of hemoglobin breakdown) Clarity-clear to cloudy turbid may indicate: normal: crystals, mucus, vaginal discharge abnormal: bacteria, blood cells, yeast Specific gravity ( ) below may indicate diabetes insipidus above may indicate diabetes mellitus

Substances tested for in urine Ketones – breakdown of fatty acids seen in diabetes mellitus and anorexia Bilirubin – Biproduct of hemoglobin breakdown. Taken up by hepatocytes Presence may RBC destruction Glucose – reabsorbed in PCT. Presence may indicate diabetes mellitus Proteins – Most are too large to pass through glomerulus. May indicate kidney damage.

Substances tested for in urine Blood – not present in urine. Presence = infection, kidney stones, damage to glomerulus Urobilinogen – biproduct of bilirubin breakdown by bacteria. Small amounts may be in urine Nitrites – not in urine. May indicate urinary tract infection pH (range = ) average = 6.0 acidic High pH may indicate urinary tract infection (UTI) Low pH may indicate diabetes mellitus, starvation Leukocytes – not in urine. May indicate infection

Other tests Acetest – Tests for Ketones Ictotests – Tests for Bilirubin Clinitest – Tests for glucose