Reinforcing internationalisation. The case of Latin America... António Marques University of Porto, Portugal General Assembly of the Santander Group Cluj, June.

... Summary Latin American HE systems: >Current situation >Challenges and opportunities >Impact on the internationalisation >5 Countries, 71.2% of the whole LAn population. >Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico

... Current situation

... Higher Education Institutions HEIsPrivateUniversities ARGENTINA 94 55% 79 BRAZIL %162 CHILE %63 COLOMBIA %105 MEXICO %267 (Theiler 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)

... Student Enrollment Undergraduate Undergraduates % (17-24 y.o.) ARGENTINA 1.3 million 40% BRAZIL3,5 million 17% COLOMBIA 0,99 million 20% MEXICO2,1 million 22% Latin America 30% OECD countries 56% (Theiler 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)

... Student Enrollment Graduate Graduate Students ARGENTINA 4.0% BRAZIL2.8% CHILE4.0% COLOMBIA0.8% Latin America (2000)2.4% (Theiler 2005; CAPES, 2007; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)

... Student Enrollment Expansion Approaches to Expansion: > Argentina, Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela: Public universities have expanded and new public HEI have been created to absorb the demand. > Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru: The expansion was the result of a growing privatisation of education. (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)

... Post-graduate programmes Master Doctorates ARGENTINA BRAZIL CHILE COLOMBIA (Theiler 2005; CAPES, 2007; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)

... Qualifications of teaching staff Staff with PhDs (%) Argentina12 Colombia 4 Brazil 30 Chile 13 Mexico 4 Latin America average: 7 (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)

... PhD degrees Ratios (new PhDs a year) BRAZIL 1 : 70,000 people CHILE 1 : 140,000 COLOMBIA 1 : 700,000 OECD countries 1 : 5,000 (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)

... Internationalisation. Situation > Interest in the internationalization process began only in the 1990s. > Internationalization of education not yet important on the political agenda. > A large number of LAn students study outside LA, and many HEIs graduates emigrate to the north. > LAn countries have not been able to develop adequate strategies to attract foreign students. > Recent reforms of higher education in LA are broadly consistent with international trends. (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)

...Student mobility World student mobility (2005)2.7 million Asia 45% Europe 23% Africa 10% Latin America5% North America 3.5% ( Source: Education at a glance, OECD, 2007) (Gacel-Ávila, 2009)

...Student mobility Barriers > Lack of curricular flexibility and credit transfer mechanisms. > Insufficient command of foreign languages among staff and students. > Lack of economic resources to finnance studies abroad. > A student body that studies mainly part-time. (Gacel-Ávila, 2009)

... Cultural Factors. Language CHILE Chileans are less proficient in English than other Latin Americans. To help combat the problem, the mastery of a second language is mandatory before graduation in many traditional universities. COLOMBIA One of the greatest barriers for internationalization is the inadequate command of a second language by faculty and students. As a consequence, important opportunities for participation in international projects are lost. MEXICO 66% of public HEIs and 86% of private HEIs require their students to acquire credits in a foreign language as a requirement for graduating. (Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)

... Brain Drain ARGENTINA 55% of graduate students in the USA want to stay there. CHILE In 1973 many scholars were forced to emigrate. Some returned to Chile in the 1990s. COLOMBIA Brain drain increased in recent years. (Theiler, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005; Jaramillo, 2005)

... Brain Drain Return Programmes BRAZIL 80% of its graduate students return. CHILE has established centers of excellence to raise the quality of research and to lure back highly skilled nationals. COLOMBIA Programme “Colombia NosUne”, recently established by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, seek to strengthen links between Colombia and Colombian communities abroad. MEXICO Between 1991 and 2000 a program funded the repatriation of more than 2,000 Mexican researchers living in 33 countries. (Sanchez, 2005; Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2009)

... Attracting foreign students > OECD 10 foreign students per 100 national students > Chile, Argentina, Mexico Less than 1% of enrollees in HE (Holm-Nielsen, et al. 2005)

...Challenges and opportunities

... Internationalisation Main motivations >To improve quality standards in Education (particularly at graduate level) and Research. (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico) >To increase proficiency in foreign languages (Brazil) >To be more competitive, work better in international environments and develop the nation (Brazil, Chile) >Generate revenues and reduce state costs (Chile, Colombia) (Theiler, 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Jaramillo, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)

... Internationalisation Main strategies > Growing participation in international networks and partnerships (Argentina, Mexico) > Creation of joint/double graduate programmes with foreign universities (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) > Joint research activities with foreign institutions (Argentina, Mexico) > Growing participation in students, staff and researchers mobility programmes (Argentina, Chile, Mexico) (Theiler, 2005; Laus, Morosini, 2005; Sanchez, 2005; Gacel-Ávila, 2005)

... HE Cooperation LA - EU Collaborative activities between LA and the EU have increased steadily since the 1990s. This has occurred mainly through the programmes: ALFA ALBAN ERASMUS MUNDUS

... ALFA ALFA I promote academic exchanges between HEIs of EU and LA. > : involved 1064 institutions; 846 projects were selected. ALFA II To develop the institutional cooperation and the scientific and technical training within HEIs of EU and LA. > : involved 770 institutions, 225 projects were selected. ALFA III Three components: > “Joint Partnerships” of European and LA HEIs > “Structural Measures" that aim to reform education systems in LA. > "Accompanying Measures", horizontal activities to promote the Programme's visibility and results of approved projects. > : involving 133 institutions, 14 projects were selected. (Data Source:

... ALBAN A high level scholarship programme. > : a total of 3319 applicants from 18 Latin American countries were selected to receive an Alßan scholarship. Scholarships Master1,803 Doctorate 1,426 Advanced Specialisation 90 Total3,319 (Data Source:

... ERASMS MUNDUS ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 1 Joint programmes Foster cooperation between HEIs and academic staff in Europe and Third Countries with a view to creating poles of excellence and providing highly trained human resources. ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 2 Partnerships (former EMECW) Partnerships are the basis for enhancing academic cooperation and exchanges of students and academics, contributing to the socio-economic development of non-EU countries targeted by EU external cooperation policy. ERASMUS MUNDUS. Action 3 Promotion of European Higher Education Promotes European HE through measures enhancing the attractiveness of Europe as an educational destination and a centre of excellence at world level.

... ERASMUS MUNDUS Action 2 Partnerships (former EMECW) > 5 consortia: Brazil (3) + Chile (1) + Mexico (1) > 816 mobilities Mobilities > Undergraduate 236 > Master205 > Doctorate241 > Post docs 72 > Academic staff 62 Total816 (Data Source:

... Impact on internationalisation

> Academic Ranking of World Universities (2008) Shangai JTU CountryWorld Rank University of São Paulo Brazil University of Buenos Aires Argentina University of México (UNAM) México State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil Federal University of Minas Gerais Brazil Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil Pontificia Univ Catolica ChileChile University of ChileChile State University Paulista (UNESP) Brazil Federal University of Rio Grande Sul Brazil LA Universities on the Rankings1

... LA Universities on the Rankings2 > THES - QS World University Rankings (2008) CountryWorld Rank University of México (UNAM) México150 University of São Paulo Brazil196 University of Buenos Aires Argentina197 Pontificia Univ Catolica ChileChile241 State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Brazil249 Austral UniversityArgentina309 University of ChileChile320 Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios SuperioresMéxico328 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil334 Universidad ORTUruguay387 University of BelgranoArgentina State University Paulista (UNESP) Brazil Pontificia Univ Catolica PeruPeru Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio JaneiroBrazil University Torcuato di TellaArgentina

... Publications Country Indicators World RankPublications Brazil1528,232 Mexico309,436 Argentina366,937 Chile434,289 Colombia531,864 Venezuela551,527 Cuba571,438 Peru75579 Uruguay76574 (Data Source: Scopus)

Data source: ISI, National Science Indicators and Ministry of Science and Technology, Brazil... Web of Science indexed papers