Naming organisms Aristotle was the first to classify  Plants and animals Animals were blood and bloodless  How they moved  Very primitive

Naming Organisms Carolus Linnaeus  Swedish  Divided into Animal and Plant Kingdom  Divided into even small groups  Came up with naming system Binomial nomenclature 2 names Genus and species Genus always CAPITALIZED, species lowercase If written, underlined or typed italics All organisms have a common name (like “humans” and a scientific name “Homo sapiens”

Naming Organisms Today we have 6 major kingdoms  This is recent  Animals are divided now not only based on looks, but on genetics.  Video on Linnaeus Video on Linnaeus

Hierarchy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

6 Kingdoms 1.Archaebacteria 2.Eubacteria(bacteria) 3.Protista 4.Fungi 5.Plantae 6.Animalia Monera

Kingdom Animalia All members are eukaryotic All members are heterotrophic All members are multicellular All members can move at some point in their lives MOST have specialized tissue

Animal Cell Structure

Asexual Reproduction Only 1 parent No special reproductive organs Genetically identical offspring (unless a mutation occurs)  Called clones Typically very rapid No gametes (egg or sperm) Some invertebrates do this such a hydra

Types of Asexual Reproduction Binary Fission- Only bacteria and protozoa does this (no animals)  Split by mitosis

Types of asexual reproduction Multiple fission: nucleus divides repeatedly before division making many young. Does not occur in animal kingdom

Types of Asexual Reproduction Budding  Unequal division  Parent develops outgrowth or bud  Bud grows organs and detaches  Cnidarians like hydra

Types of Asexual Reproduction Gemmulation  Make a gemmule Cells surrounded by a resistant capsule form Fresh water sponges do this

Types of Asexual reproduction Fragmentation  Multicellular animal breaks into 2 or more parts  Each fragment becomes an individual  Planarians and other worms

Sexual Reproduction Production of offspring from 2 parents Form gametes (egg and sperm) through meiosis Takes more energy, but better way to reproduce  Creates genetic variation

Sexual Reproduction Types Production of offspring from the union of 2 gametes from 2 genetically different parents  Meiosis Makes sex cells Egg and sperm  Male and female

Sexes (male and female) When an organism displays 2 different sexes (male and female) it is called dioecious When an organism has both sex parts we call it monecious or hermaphroditic.  Flatworms, annelids, barnacles and some fishes are common for this.  Some fertilize themselves; many don’t Some can change sexes- sequential hermaphrodites (genetically programmed)

Sexual Reproduction Parthenogenesis  Embryo from unfertilized eggs form  Not as common Some sharks and fish Some worms Some insects Some crustaceans

Sexual Reproduction 3 types of offspring formation  Oviparous-egg birth Fertilization may be internal or external  Ovoviviparous- egg birth but the egg is retained in the body while development occurs Certain fishes and reptiles  Viviparous-egg develops in oviduct or uterus