1 Sleeping and Dreaming

2 Waking Consciousness  Selective Attention- The ability to focus conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.  Demo- Human Earphones  Inattentional Blindness- the inability to ‘see” a stimulus do to lack of attention  Ex:

3 Electroencephalogram (EEG)  Electrodes placed on the scalp =electrical activity of the brain  EEG index psychological state

4 EEG Waves of Wakefulness  Awake, but non-attentive - large, regular alpha waves 1 second Alpha waves Awake, nonattentive 1 second Beta waves Awake, attentive  Awake and attentive - low amplitude, fast, irregular beta waves

5 Sleep Stages  hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ chapter5/interactive_activities.html# hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ chapter5/interactive_activities.html# hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/ chapter5/interactive_activities.html#

6 Functions of Sleep  Restoration theory - body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to put it back in shape  Preservation and protection theory - preserve energy / protect during the time of day when there is little value / high danger

7 Circadian Rhythm  Any rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle in the absence of 24-hour cues body temperature body temperature cortisol secretion cortisol secretion sleep and wakefulness sleep and wakefulness

8 What is the impact of sleep deprivation ?  Little effect on performance of tasks requiring physical skill or intellectual judgment  Hurts performance on simple, boring tasks more than challenging ones

9 Individual Differences in Sleep Drive  Nonsomniacs - sleep far less than most, but do not feel tired during the day  Insomniacs - has a normal desire for sleep, but is unable to and feels tired during the day

10 Sleep Disorders  Somnambulism - sleepwalking  Nightmares - frightening dreams that wake a sleeper from REM  Night terrors - sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (e.g., rapid heart rate, perspiration) that occur during slow- wave sleep  Narcolepsy - overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talking or standing up  Sleep apnea - failure to breathe when asleep

11 Dreams and REM Sleep  Everyone dreams several times a night true dream - vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM true dream - vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM sleep thought - lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep sleep thought - lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep

12 Dreams and REM Sleep  What are true dreams for?  Although research has yet to answer this question, a prevalent view today is that dreams don’t serve any purpose at all, but are side effects of REM to exercise groups of neurons during sleep to exercise groups of neurons during sleep some are in perceptual and motor areas some are in perceptual and motor areas  REM occurs in other mammals and to a much greater extent in fetuses and infants than adults  REM sleep may help consolidate memories