1. Sleep Notes
AP Psychology

2. Daydreaming
A common variation of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories, expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate situation.
D.D. is normal
When does it occur?
Functions of D.D.= solve problems
White Bear experiment

3. Biological rhythms
Circadian rhythms= (Latin: circa for about and dies for days)
Occurs approximately once during a 24-hour period. The sleep-wake cycle is an example of a circadian rhythm
Ultradian rhythms= occur more than once a day. The most studied ultradian rhythm is the way we cycle through various stages of sleep each night.

4. How is Sleep Research conducted?
We all have a 90-minute ultradian rhythm cycling throughout our night’s sleep.
Sleep research based on information collected from an EEG.
Electrodes collecting brain wave measurements

5. Stages of Sleep Stages 1 to 5: From light to deep sleep
Stage 1: brain waves become small and irregular with varying frequencies. You can be easily awakened during this stage and may not even realize that you had been sleeping.

6. Stage 2
Stage 2 Sleep begins about two minutes after Stage 1 and is characterized by bursts of brain wave activity that are represented by spindle-shaped waves called sleep spindles and K-Complexes. You spend more than ½ your sleep in Stage 2.

7. Stages 3 and 4
Both stages are called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS), these stages are characterized by the appearance of large, slow brain waves called delta waves. This is the period of deep sleep, when it is difficult to arouse you.

8. Distinction b/w Stage 3 and 4
Less Delta Waves
Deep Sleep begins
Heart rate and breathing slow down.
Stage 4:
More Delta Waves
Deepest point of in the sleep cycle occurs.
If you were roused from this stage of deep sleep, you would be groggy and confused

9. REM sleep
After 30 to 45 minutes in stage 4, you quickly return to stages 3, 2, 1 . Then you enter a special stage in which your eyes move rapidly under their closed eyelids
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
In REM sleep the EEG resembles that of an awake, alert person, and your physiological arousal is similar to when you are awake.
REM is a sign of vivid dreaming!!

10. Characteristics of REM sleep
Your muscles are nearly paralyzed. Sudden twitchy spasms appear, especially in your face and hands, but your brain activity suppresses other movements.
Sleep paralysis also known as…..
Paradoxical sleep= internally, your body is aroused; externally, you’re the picture of calm and hard to awaken.

11. Non-REM sleep The interim periods, w/o rapid eye movements
Sleepwalking and sleep talking occur during the deepest stage of NREM sleep

12. The Function of Sleep Possible functions To conserve energy
To restore the body (neurotransmitters, neuron sensitivity)
To build “neural nets” and flush out useless info. From the brain.

13. Sleep Debt
Most people require between 7-9 hours of sleep to feel fully refreshed and to function at their best.
Some people are sleep-deprived and do not realize it.

14. Sleep Debt
By the time we reach 60/70 we may require only six hours of sleep per night.
Sleep deprivation
slows reaction times
impairs concentration and memory
more difficult to retain newly acquired info.
most common cause of motor vehicle accidents

15. Sleep Debt
Lab studies: volunteers were deprived of REM sleep (impairs learning ability and memory)
After REM deprivation, people experienced a rebound effect-they make up for the loss by spending more of their next sleep period in REM sleep.

16. The end
Psychology