Large Seated Buddha with Standing Bodhisattva, from Cave 20, Yungang, Shanxi Province, China. Northern Wei dynasty, c. 460–70 CE. Stone. height 44 ft. Werner Forman / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-1] Large Seated Buddha with Standing Bodhisattva, from Cave 20, Yungang, Shanxi Province, China. Northern Wei dynasty, c. 460–70 CE. Stone. height 44 ft. Werner Forman / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-1]

The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. late 680s–91. © Ivan Vdovin / Alamy The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. late 680s–91. © Ivan Vdovin / Alamy. [Fig. 18-2] The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. late 680s–91. © Ivan Vdovin / Alamy. [Fig. 18-2]

Santa Costanza, Rome. c. 354 CE. Scala / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-3]

Theodora and Her Attendants. c. 547 Theodora and Her Attendants. c. 547. Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-4] Theodora and Her Attendants. c. 547. Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-4]

Justinian and His Attendants. c. 547 Justinian and His Attendants. c. 547. Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-5] Justinian and His Attendants. c. 547. Mosaic, sidewall of the apse, San Vitale. Canali Photobank, Milan, Italy. [Fig. 18-5]

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6a] Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6a]

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (plan). 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6b] Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (plan). 532–37. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-6b]

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, interior view. 532–37. Ayhan Altun/Altunimages. [Fig. 18-7] Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus. Hagia Sophia, interior view. 532–37. Ayhan Altun/Altunimages. [Fig. 18-7]

Christ, from Deësis mosaic. 13th century. Ayhan Altun/Altunimages. [Fig. 18-8]

Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus. 705–16 Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus. 705–16. Christopher Rennie/Robert Harding World Imagery. [Fig. 18-9] Courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus. 705–16. Christopher Rennie/Robert Harding World Imagery. [Fig. 18-9]

Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran). c Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran). c. 1354 (restored). Glazed and cut ceramic. 11 ft. 3 in. × 7 ft. 6 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1939 (39.20). [Fig. 18-10] Tile mosaic mihrab, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Persia (Iran). c. 1354 (restored). Glazed and cut ceramic. 11 ft. 3 in. × 7 ft. 6 in. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A., Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1939 (39.20). [Fig. 18-10]

Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu. 11th century. © Danita Delimont / Alamy Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu. 11th century. © Danita Delimont / Alamy. [Fig. 18-11] Djingareyber Mosque, Timbuktu. 11th century. © Danita Delimont / Alamy. [Fig. 18-11]

Interior of the sanctuary of the Mosque at Córdoba, Spain. 786–987 Interior of the sanctuary of the Mosque at Córdoba, Spain. 786–987. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-12] Interior of the sanctuary of the Mosque at Córdoba, Spain. 786–987. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-12]

Purse cover, from Sutton Hoo burial ship. c. 625 Purse cover, from Sutton Hoo burial ship. c. 625. Gold with Indian garnets and cloisonné enamel, originally on an ivory or bone background (now lost). length 8 in. © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-13] Purse cover, from Sutton Hoo burial ship. c. 625. Gold with Indian garnets and cloisonné enamel, originally on an ivory or bone background (now lost). length 8 in. © The Trustees of the British Museum / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-13]

St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels. c. 700 St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels. c. 700. approximately 11 × 9 in. By permission of The British Library. [Fig. 18-14] St. Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels. c. 700. approximately 11 × 9 in. By permission of The British Library. [Fig. 18-14]

St. Matthew from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. c. 800–810 St. Matthew from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. c. 800–810. Manuscript page. 12-3/4 × 9-7/8 in. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. [Fig. 18-15] St. Matthew from the Gospel Book of Charlemagne. c. 800–810. Manuscript page. 12-3/4 × 9-7/8 in. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. [Fig. 18-15]

Gislebertus. Last Judgment, tympanum and lintel, west portal, Cathedral, Autun, France. c. 1125–35. Stone. approximately 12 ft. 6 in. × 22 ft. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-16] Gislebertus. Last Judgment, tympanum and lintel, west portal, Cathedral, Autun, France. c. 1125–35. Stone. approximately 12 ft. 6 in. × 22 ft. © Achim Bednorz, Koln. [Fig. 18-16]

West facade, Chartres Cathedral. c. 1134–1220; south spire, c West facade, Chartres Cathedral. c. 1134–1220; south spire, c. 1160; north spire 1507–13. Robert Harding Picture Library, Ltd./Alamy. [Fig. 18-17] West facade, Chartres Cathedral. c. 1134–1220; south spire, c. 1160; north spire 1507–13. Robert Harding Picture Library, Ltd./Alamy. [Fig. 18-17]

Choir of Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 13th and 14th centuries Choir of Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 13th and 14th centuries. © Svenja-Foto/zefa/CORBIS. [Fig. 18-18] Choir of Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 13th and 14th centuries. © Svenja-Foto/zefa/CORBIS. [Fig. 18-18]

Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore) Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). begun by Arnolfo de Cambio, 1296; dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36. Vanni / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-19] Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). begun by Arnolfo de Cambio, 1296; dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36. Vanni / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-19]

Central portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–90 Central portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–90. Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-20] Central portal of the west facade of Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–90. Gianni Dagli Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-20]

Annunciation and Visitation, detail, west portal, Reims Cathedral. c Annunciation and Visitation, detail, west portal, Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–45. © Angelo Hornak / Alamy. [Fig. 18-21] Annunciation and Visitation, detail, west portal, Reims Cathedral. c. 1225–45. © Angelo Hornak / Alamy. [Fig. 18-21]

Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance. southern India, eleventh century Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance. southern India, eleventh century. Copper. height. 43-1/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J.H. Wade Fund 1930.331. [Fig. 18-22] Shiva Nataraja, Lord of the Dance. southern India, eleventh century. Copper. height. 43-1/8 in. © The Cleveland Museum of Art, Purchase from the J.H. Wade Fund 1930.331. [Fig. 18-22]

The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini), Bangladesh or India. Pala period, 12th century. Argillite. height 5-5/16 in. Purchase, Diana and Arthur G. Altschul Gift, 1993 (1993.7). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-23] The Goddess Durga Killing the Buffalo Demon, Mahisha (Mahishasuramardini), Bangladesh or India. Pala period, 12th century. Argillite. height 5-5/16 in. Purchase, Diana and Arthur G. Altschul Gift, 1993 (1993.7). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-23]

Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. Chandella dynasty, c. 1025–50. © Neil Grant / Alamy. [Fig. 18-24] Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. Chandella dynasty, c. 1025–50. © Neil Grant / Alamy. [Fig. 18-24]

Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci’en Temple, Xi’an, Shanxi Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci’en Temple, Xi’an, Shanxi. Tang dynasty, first erected 645 CE. © Kevin O´Hara/Age Fotostock. [Fig. 18-25] Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci’en Temple, Xi’an, Shanxi. Tang dynasty, first erected 645 CE. © Kevin O´Hara/Age Fotostock. [Fig. 18-25]

Guo Xi. Early Spring. 1072 (Northern Song dynasty) Guo Xi. Early Spring. 1072 (Northern Song dynasty). Hanging scroll, ink, and slight color on silk. length 60 in. Lee & Lee Communications / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-26] Guo Xi. Early Spring. 1072 (Northern Song dynasty). Hanging scroll, ink, and slight color on silk. length 60 in. Lee & Lee Communications / Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-26]

Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan. 752, reconstructed 1709 Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan. 752, reconstructed 1709. © Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/CORBIS. [Fig. 18-27] Todaiji temple, Nara, Japan. 752, reconstructed 1709. © Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/CORBIS. [Fig. 18-27]

Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace, detail, from the Scrolls of Events of the Heiji Period. Kamakura period, late 13th century. Handscroll, ink and colors on paper. 16-1/4 × 275-1/2 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Fenollosa-Weld Collection. 11.4000. Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig. 18-28] Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace, detail, from the Scrolls of Events of the Heiji Period. Kamakura period, late 13th century. Handscroll, ink and colors on paper. 16-1/4 × 275-1/2 in. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Fenollosa-Weld Collection. 11.4000. Photograph © 2012 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [Fig. 18-28]

Armor (yoroi). late Kamakura period, early 14th century Armor (yoroi). late Kamakura period, early 14th century. Lacquered iron and leather, silk, stenciled leather, copper-gilt. height 37-1/2 in.; weight 38 lb. 3 oz. Gift of Bashford Dean, 1914 (14.100.121 b-e). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-29] Armor (yoroi). late Kamakura period, early 14th century. Lacquered iron and leather, silk, stenciled leather, copper-gilt. height 37-1/2 in.; weight 38 lb. 3 oz. Gift of Bashford Dean, 1914 (14.100.121 b-e). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, U.S.A. Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY. [Fig. 18-29]

Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria. c. 13th century. Brass Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria. c. 13th century. Brass. height 11-7/16 in. Dirk Bakker, Museum of Ife Antiquities, Nigeria. [Fig. 18-30] Head of a King (Oni), Ife culture, Nigeria. c. 13th century. Brass. height 11-7/16 in. Dirk Bakker, Museum of Ife Antiquities, Nigeria. [Fig. 18-30]

Bird carved from soapstone, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. c. 1200–1400 Bird carved from soapstone, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. c. 1200–1400. height 14-1/2 in., atop a stone monolith, total height 64 in. Great Zimbabwe Site Museum, Zimbabwe. [Fig. 18-31] Bird carved from soapstone, Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. c. 1200–1400. height 14-1/2 in., atop a stone monolith, total height 64 in. Great Zimbabwe Site Museum, Zimbabwe. [Fig. 18-31]

Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia. 13th century Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia. 13th century. © Kazuyoshi Nomachi/HAGA/ The Image Works. [Fig. 18-32] Beta Ghiorghis (House of St. George), Lalibela, Ethiopia. 13th century. © Kazuyoshi Nomachi/HAGA/ The Image Works. [Fig. 18-32]