1. CROWNED HEAD OF A YORUBA RULER From Ife, Nigeria
CROWNED HEAD OF A YORUBA RULER From Ife, Nigeria. Yoruba, 12th-15th century CE. Zinc brass, height 9-7/16" (24 cm). Museum of Ife Antiquities, Ife, Nigeria. [Fig ]
CROWNED HEAD OF A YORUBA RULER From Ife, Nigeria. Yoruba, 12th-15th century CE. Zinc brass, height 9-7/16" (24 cm). Museum of Ife Antiquities, Ife, Nigeria. [Fig ]

2. ANCIENT AFRICA [Map 14-01]
ANCIENT AFRICA [Map 14-01]

3. DANCERS IN CEREMONIAL ATTIRE Section of rock-wall painting, Tassili-n-Ajjer, Algeria. c BCE. [Fig ]
DANCERS IN CEREMONIAL ATTIRE Section of rock-wall painting, Tassili-n-Ajjer, Algeria. c BCE. [Fig ]

4. HEAD From Nok, Nigeria. c. 500 BCE-200 CE
HEAD From Nok, Nigeria. c. 500 BCE-200 CE. Terra cotta, height 14-3/16" (36 cm). National Museum, Lagos, Nigeria. [Fig ]
HEAD From Nok, Nigeria. c. 500 BCE-200 CE. Terra cotta, height 14-3/16" (36 cm). National Museum, Lagos, Nigeria. [Fig ]

5. SECTION OF SAN ROCK-WALL PAINTING San peoples, uncertain dates
SECTION OF SAN ROCK-WALL PAINTING San peoples, uncertain dates. Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Pigment and eland blood on rock. [Fig ]
SECTION OF SAN ROCK-WALL PAINTING San peoples, uncertain dates. Drakensberg Mountains, South Africa. Pigment and eland blood on rock. [Fig ]

6. BURIAL CHAMBER Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria
BURIAL CHAMBER Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria. Reconstruction showing the placement of the ruler and artifacts in the chamber in the 10th century. Painting by Caroline Sassoon. [Fig ]
BURIAL CHAMBER Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria. Reconstruction showing the placement of the ruler and artifacts in the chamber in the 10th century. Painting by Caroline Sassoon. [Fig ]

7. RITUAL VESSEL From Ife, Nigeria. Yoruba, 13th-14th century CE
RITUAL VESSEL From Ife, Nigeria. Yoruba, 13th-14th century CE. Terra cotta, height 9-13/16" (24.9 cm). University Art Museum, Obafemi, Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria. [Fig ]
RITUAL VESSEL From Ife, Nigeria. Yoruba, 13th-14th century CE. Terra cotta, height 9-13/16" (24.9 cm). University Art Museum, Obafemi, Awolowo University, Ife, Nigeria. [Fig ]

8. A CLOSER LOOK: Roped Pot on a Stand From Igbo-Ukwu. 9th-10th century CE. Leaded bronze, height 12-11/16" (32.3 cm). National Museum, Lagos.
A CLOSER LOOK: Roped Pot on a Stand From Igbo-Ukwu. 9th-10th century CE. Leaded bronze, height 12-11/16" (32.3 cm). National Museum, Lagos.

9. MEMORIAL HEAD OF AN OBA From Benin, Nigeria. Early Period, c
MEMORIAL HEAD OF AN OBA From Benin, Nigeria. Early Period, c. 16th century CE. Brass, height 9" (23 cm). The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: Nelson Trust through the generosity of Donald J. and Adele C. Hall, Mr. and Mrs. Herman Robert Sutherland, an anonymous donor, and the exchange of Nelson Gallery Foundation properties (87-7). [Fig ]

10. PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ALTAR Edo culture, Nigeria. c. 1959
PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ALTAR Edo culture, Nigeria. c The National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives (7584). [Fig ]
PHOTOGRAPH OF AN ALTAR Edo culture, Nigeria. c The National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives (7584). [Fig ]

11. TECHNIQUE: Lost-Wax Casting

12. HIP PENDANT REPRESENTING AN IYOBA ("QUEEN MOTHER") From Benin City, Nigeria. Middle Period, c CE. Ivory, iron, and copper, height 9-3/8" (23.4 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller ( ). [Fig ]
HIP PENDANT REPRESENTING AN IYOBA ("QUEEN MOTHER") From Benin City, Nigeria. Middle Period, c CE. Ivory, iron, and copper, height 9-3/8" (23.4 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The Michael C. Rockefeller Memorial Collection, Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller ( ). [Fig ]

13. PLAQUE: WARRIOR CHIEF FLANKED BY WARRIORS AND ATTENDANTS From Benin City, Nigeria. Middle Period, c CE. Brass, height 14-3/4" × 15-1/2" (37.5 × 39.4 cm). The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust (58-3) [Fig ]
PLAQUE: WARRIOR CHIEF FLANKED BY WARRIORS AND ATTENDANTS From Benin City, Nigeria. Middle Period, c CE. Brass, height 14-3/4" × 15-1/2" (37.5 × 39.4 cm). The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. Purchase: William Rockhill Nelson Trust (58-3) [Fig ]

14. SENIOR TOWN CHIEF Supported by two attendants, one of them carrying his eben sword. [Fig. 14-11]

15. OBA EREDIAUWA Wearing coral-beaded regalia and seated on a dais. [Fig

16. HORSEMAN From Old Jenné, Mali. 13th-15th century CE
HORSEMAN From Old Jenné, Mali. 13th-15th century CE. Terra cotta, height 27-3/4" (70.5 cm). National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Museum Purchase ( ) [Fig ]
HORSEMAN From Old Jenné, Mali. 13th-15th century CE. Terra cotta, height 27-3/4" (70.5 cm). National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Museum Purchase ( ) [Fig ]

17. GREAT FRIDAY MOSQUE Jenné, Mali
GREAT FRIDAY MOSQUE Jenné, Mali. Showing the eastern and northern façades. Rebuilding of 1907, in the style of 13th-century original. [Fig ]
GREAT FRIDAY MOSQUE Jenné, Mali. Showing the eastern and northern façades. Rebuilding of 1907, in the style of 13th-century original. [Fig ]

18. DRAWING OF GREAT ENCLOSURE, GREAT ZIMBABWE [Fig. 14-15]

19. CONICAL TOWER, GREAT ENCLOSURE Great Zimbabwe Shona, Zimbabwe. c
CONICAL TOWER, GREAT ENCLOSURE Great Zimbabwe Shona, Zimbabwe. c CE. Stone, height of tower 30' (9.1 m). [Fig ]
CONICAL TOWER, GREAT ENCLOSURE Great Zimbabwe Shona, Zimbabwe. c CE. Stone, height of tower 30' (9.1 m). [Fig ]

20. BET GIORGIS (CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE), LALIBELA Ethiopia. 13th century
BET GIORGIS (CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE), LALIBELA Ethiopia. 13th century. Volcanic rock. [Fig ]
BET GIORGIS (CHURCH OF ST. GEORGE), LALIBELA Ethiopia. 13th century. Volcanic rock. [Fig ]

21. ZOOMORPHIC HEAD Angola. c. 750 CE. Wood, 19-7/8" × 6-1/8" (50. 5 × 15
ZOOMORPHIC HEAD Angola. c. 750 CE. Wood, 19-7/8" × 6-1/8" (50.5 × 15.5 cm). Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. [Fig ]
ZOOMORPHIC HEAD Angola. c. 750 CE. Wood, 19-7/8" × 6-1/8" (50.5 × 15.5 cm). Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. [Fig ]

22. DECORATED TEXTILE Kongo. Before 1400 CE
DECORATED TEXTILE Kongo. Before 1400 CE. Raffia, 9-1/2" × 18-1/2" (24 × 47 cm). Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, England. ( ). [Fig ]
DECORATED TEXTILE Kongo. Before 1400 CE. Raffia, 9-1/2" × 18-1/2" (24 × 47 cm). Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, England. ( ). [Fig ]

23. CRUCIFIX Kongo. Early 17th century CE. Bronze, height 10-1/2" (26
CRUCIFIX Kongo. Early 17th century CE. Bronze, height 10-1/2" (26.7 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Collection of Ernst Anspach. ( ) [Fig ]
CRUCIFIX Kongo. Early 17th century CE. Bronze, height 10-1/2" (26.7 cm). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Collection of Ernst Anspach. ( ) [Fig ]

24. SAPI-PORTUGUESE STYLE HUNTING HORN Sierra Leone. Late 15th century CE
SAPI-PORTUGUESE STYLE HUNTING HORN Sierra Leone. Late 15th century CE. Ivory, length 25" (63.5 cm). National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Gift of Walt Disney World Co., a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company ( ) [Fig ]
SAPI-PORTUGUESE STYLE HUNTING HORN Sierra Leone. Late 15th century CE. Ivory, length 25" (63.5 cm). National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Gift of Walt Disney World Co., a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company ( ) [Fig ]