Hearing ► Stimulus: sound waves ► Damaged when sound >85 decibels. ► Stereo-audition. ► Amplitude = loudness; frequency = pitch ► Activity – find a partner…  Locate sound.

Hearing P. 157

Touch Four sensations: Four sensations: Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain Gate Control Theory – only one sensation at a time: pain travels on smaller fibers, other sensations on larger fibers – action in large fibers blocks action in the small. Gate Control Theory – only one sensation at a time: pain travels on smaller fibers, other sensations on larger fibers – action in large fibers blocks action in the small. Good Pain? Tells you when something is wrong. Good Pain? Tells you when something is wrong.

Pain Some people born with reduced ability to feel pain – cannot detect hunger, broken bones, fever… Some people born with reduced ability to feel pain – cannot detect hunger, broken bones, fever… Blocking Pain: Blocking Pain: Mind over matter (meditation, Lamaze) Mind over matter (meditation, Lamaze) Acupuncture and counterstimulation Acupuncture and counterstimulation Medication (blocks pain transmission) Medication (blocks pain transmission) Endorphins (Endogenous Morphine) Endorphins (Endogenous Morphine)

Other Tactile Kinesthesis – knowing where our body parts are: visually cued; knowing how to get where we want to be/do what we want. Kinesthesis – knowing where our body parts are: visually cued; knowing how to get where we want to be/do what we want. Vestibular Sense – monitors body movements and balance: based in semicircular canals in ear. Vestibular Sense – monitors body movements and balance: based in semicircular canals in ear.

Smell  Very basic; primitive sense close to brain  Pheromones??  Smells connected to memory, and are powerful.  Smell based on chemical processes; sniffing circulates more air through nose.

Taste Sweet, sour, salty, bitter Flavor = smell + taste >200 taste buds that each respond to chemicals in food. Taste diminishes with age, smoking, and alcohol use. Movie: “Tasters and Supertasters”.

Perception How do we organize and interpret out sensations so that they become meaningful perceptions?  Gestalt (German: whole, form): Gestalt psychologists provided compelling examples of gestalt perception and described principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions.  The whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

Figure and Ground Figure – any object we perceive as distinct from its surroundings. Ground – the surroundings. Perceptual Set:  Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.  FOLK, CROAK SOAK; what do we call the white of an egg? Perceptual Adaptation – brain’s accommodating changed sensory input to make it normal. (As in the upside down glasses.) Figure and ground are dynamic, so what was part of the ground can become the figure, and the old figure becomes part of the ground.

Perception Grouping - rules our mind follows to bring order and form to sensations.  Proximity – we group nearby features together.  Similarity – we group similar features together.  Continuity – we perceive smooth continuous patterns.  Connectedness – we perceive uniform/linked stimuli as single units.  Closure – we fill in gaps to perceive a whole object.

Closure

Perceptual Constancy: –Perceiving objects as unchanging even as their properties are changing. – perceiving an object as being the same while the image on the retina is changing shape.Shape Constancy – perceiving an object as being the same while the image on the retina is changing shape. – given a distance and size of retinal image we infer the size of a stimulus.Size-Distance Relationship – given a distance and size of retinal image we infer the size of a stimulus.

Size Constancy – we perceive objects as having a constant size though our distance from them varies. Lightness Constancy – we perceive an object as having a constant lightness while its illumination varies.

Binocular Vision Retinal Disparity – eyes receive different images because of their separation; when the brain compares the two images it receives an important cue as to the relative distance of objects. Convergence – neuromuscular cue caused by the eyes’ greater inward turn to see closer objects.

Monocular Vision Relative Size – if we assume two objects are the same size, then we perceive the smaller of the two as farther away. Interposition – if one object blocks the view of another we perceive it as closer. Relative Height – we perceive objects higher in our visual field as farther away. Relative Motion (motion parallax) – as we move objects that are stable may appear to move. Linear Perspective – parallel lines appear to converge with distance. Light and Shadow – dimmer objects seem farther away.

ESP Perception without sensation –Do dreams tell the future? (Next week, sleep and dreams.) –Precognition – tellin’ the future. –Telepathy – mind to mind communication. –Clairvoyance – perceiving remote events. A reproducible ESP phenomenon has never been discovered, nor has anyone produced any individual who can convincingly demonstrate psychic ability.

References /vase&bach.html /vase&bach.html /vase&bach.html /vase&bach.html intropsych.mcmaster.ca/.../ 1a3/S_P/lec2-3.htm intropsych.mcmaster.ca/.../ 1a3/S_P/lec2-3.htm intropsych.mcmaster.ca/.../ 1a3/S_P/lec2-3.htm intropsych.mcmaster.ca/.../ 1a3/S_P/lec2-3.htm Myers, D. (2005). Exploring Psychology (6 th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Myers, D. (2005). Exploring Psychology (6 th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. Myers, D. (2005). Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM: To Accompany David G. Myers Exploring Psychology, 6 th ed. [Computer Software]. New York: Worth Publishers. Myers, D. (2005). Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM: To Accompany David G. Myers Exploring Psychology, 6 th ed. [Computer Software]. New York: Worth Publishers. CH05_illustration (D:\PowerPoints\Illustration PPTs) CH05_illustration (D:\PowerPoints\Illustration PPTs) Ch5 (D:\PowerPoints\Lecture PPTs) Ch5 (D:\PowerPoints\Lecture PPTs)