Chapter Three Cell Processes

Chapter Three Table of Contents Table Contents Section 1 Objectives, Key Terms, & Notes Chemistry of Life Directed Reading: Section 1 & 2 Chemistry of Life Reinforcement: Section 1 Chemistry of Life Section 2 Objectives, Key Terms, & Notes: Moving Materials Reinforcement: Section 2 Moving Cellular Materials (2) Enrichment: Keeping a Balance Section 3 Objectives, Key Terms, & Notes: Energy for Life Section 3 Directed Reading: Energy for Life Section 3 Reinforcement: Energy for Life Key Terms: Cell Processes Chapter Review: Cell Processes Chapter Test

Science State Vocabulary

First Block

Logan

Sophia

Second Block

David

Hannah

Tamaria

Andrea

Madison

Steavan

Savannah

Quinton

M. Theus

Robinson

Shykemia

Kameisha

Iveth

Jacob

Cameron

Third Block

JaDashia

Tatyana

Fourth Block

Summer

Jaiden

Nayimah

Kelsey

Montague

Brittany

Kylan

Mercedes

Ariana

Section One Objectives TSW list the differences among atoms, elements, molecules, & compounds. TSW explain the relationship between chemistry & life science. TSW discuss how organic compounds are different from inorganic compounds.

Section One: Chemistry of Life Everything around you is made of matter & energy. Matter is anything that has mass & takes up space. Energy can hold matter together or break it apart.

Atoms Matter is made of atoms. 1.A nucleus contains protons & neutrons. 2.Outside the nucleus are electrons, which are involved in negative charges.

Elements Elements – are made up of only one kind of atom. Cannot be broken down into simpler form. Arranged in a chart called the periodic chart of elements.

Compounds Compounds – molecular & ionic Made of two or more atoms in exact proportions. Have different properties from the elements they are made of The smallest part of a molecular compound is a molecule.

Compounds Molecule - a group of atoms held together by the energy of chemical bonds Form when atoms share outer electrons

Ionic Compounds Ions – electrically charged atoms; positive or negative Ions of opposite charges attract one another to form electrically neutral compounds

Mixtures Mixture – combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties. Mixtures can be solid, liquid, or gas.

Mixtures Solution – mixture in which two or more substances are mixed evenly Suspension – forms when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread throughout it

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds contain carbon & hydrogen and are usually associated with living things or things that once were alive; four groups of organic compounds make up all living things.

Organic Compounds 1.Carbohydrates – supply energy for cell processes

Organic Compounds 2. Lipids – store & release large amounts of energy

Organic Compounds 3.Proteins – are the building blocks of many structures Amino Acids – smaller molecules that make up proteinsAmino Acids – smaller molecules that make up proteins Enzymes – proteins that regulate nearly all chemical reactions in cellsEnzymes – proteins that regulate nearly all chemical reactions in cells

Organic Compounds 4.Nucleic Acids – store important coded information in cells.

Inorganic Compounds Inorganic Compounds – usually made from elements other than carbon

Importance of Water 1.Living things are composed of more than 50% water & depend on it to survive. 2.All chemical reactions in living things take place in water* 3.Most living things use water to transport materials through their bodies

Section 1 Review Quiz 1.Compare & contrast atoms & molecules. 2.Describe the differences between an organic compound & an inorganic compound. 3.List the four types of organic compounds found in all living things. 4.Infer why life as we know it depends on water. 5.Think critically if you mix salt, sand, & sugar with water in a small jar, will the resulting mixture be a suspension, a solution, or both?

Section Two Objectives TSW describe the function of a selectively permeable membrane. TSW explain how the processes of diffusion & osmosis move molecules in living cells. TSW explain how passive transport & active transport differ.

Section Two: Moving Cellular Material Cells have a selectively permeable membrane that regulates what goes into or out of a cell.

Passive Transport Passive Transport – the movement of substances through a cell membrane without the input of energy.

Types of Passive Transport 1.Diffusion – when molecules move away from areas where there are more of them into areas where there are less of them; stops when the molecules of one substance are spread evenly throughout another substance & equilibrium occurs

Types of Passive Transport 2.Osmosis – the diffusion of water through a cell membrane 3.In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins move substances into & out of the cell

Active Transport Active transport requires energy to move a substance through a cell membrane. 1.Endocytosis – substance is taken into the cell 2.Exocytosis – substances are removed from the cell

Section 2 Review Quiz 1.Describe how cell membranes are selectively permeable. 2.Compare & contrast the processes of osmosis & diffusion. 3.Infer why endocytosis are important processes to cells. 4.Think critically Why are fresh fruits & vegetables sprinkled with water at produce markets?

Section Three Objectives TSW list the differences between producers & consumers TSW explain how the processes of photosynthesis & cellular respiration store & release energy. TSW describe how cells get energy from glucose through fermentation.

Section Three: Energy for Life Cells use chemical reactions to change the chemical energy stored in food into forms needed to perform activities. 1.Metabolism – the total of all chemical reactions in an organism. 2.The chemical reactions of metabolism require enzymes.

Photosynthesis The process that plants and other organisms use to convert light energy into chemical energy or sugars (glucose) to be used as food. Chlorophyll is used in photosynthesis.

Producers – organisms that make their own food Producers

Consumers – organisms that cannot make their own food. Consumers

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is the process in which chemical reactions break down food molecules into simpler substances & release their stored energy.

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration of carbohydrates begins in the cytoplasm of the cell. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose molecules.

Fermentation Cells that do not have enough oxygen for cellular respiration use this process to release some of the stored energy in glucose molecules.

Fermentation Occurs in the cytoplasm Produces lactic acid, alcohol, or carbon dioxide as wastes.