The Structure of the Police Department  Organization influenced by environment:  Jurisdiction size  Types of crime  Population demographics  Formalized structure  Clear rank structure and strict accountability  Delegation of authority

Learning Objective 1 List the three primary purposes of police patrol

Police on Patrol  Patrol is one of the main functions of police  Patrol functions:  Deter crime by maintaining a visible presence  Maintain public order and a sense of security  Provide services that are not crime-related

Patrol Activities  Four categories:  Preventive patrol  Maintain presence in community (40% of patrol time)  Calls for service  Responding to calls (25%)  Administrative duties  Paperwork (20%)  Officer-initiated activities  Officer-initiated interactions with citizens (15%)

Police Investigations  Investigation is the second main function of police  Investigative work is reactive  Detective  Primary police investigator of crimes

Learning Objective 2 Indicate some investigation strategies that are considered aggressive

Aggressive Investigative Strategies  Undercover operations  Agent assumes false identity  Commonly used to infiltrate large-scale narcotics operations  Confidential informant  Person involved with criminal activity and provides information to police  Used when  Agency doesn’t want to risk officer to undercover work  Outsider can’t infiltrate an organized crime network

 A Sheriff in Spotsylvania County, VA was criticized for allowing his detectives to engage in sexual activity while they were undercover in an anti-prostitution campaign. According to court papers, detectives allowed women to perform sexual acts on them on four occasions and once left a $ tip. The Sheriff argued that this practice was not new, and only unmarried men are assigned to such cases. Since most prostitutes are careful not to say anything incriminating, sexual contact is necessary in order to secure a conviction.  This case highlights a slippery slope in undercover work. Should officers be allowed to break the law in order to enforce it?  If yes, should there be limits on the types of crime they can commit?  How can such limits be decided?  If no, what other ways can officers “earn” the trust of those individuals they are investigating?  What disciplinary actions might be appropriate for officers who violate the rules while undercover?

Forensic Investigations and DNA  The use of science and technology to investigate crimes  Crime Scene Forensics  For more than a century the most important piece of trace evidence has been the human fingerprint

 List the examples of trace evidence outlined in the textbook.  Hairs, fibers, blood, fingerprints, broken glass, and footprints.

Learning Objective 4 Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes

The DNA Revolution  Emerged in the mid-1990s  DNA is extracted from trace evidence such as blood, semen, skin, or hair left at the crime scene  Labs can create a DNA profile of the suspect and test it against suspects  A match can be as conclusive as 30 billion to one  DNA greatly increases the chances that a crime will be solved  Cold hits  New developments  CODIS  Touch DNA  Familial searches

Police Strategies: What Works  Operational basis of police work is incident-driven  40-60% of police activity is result of 911 calls/citizen requests  Response time has become the benchmark for police efficiency  Police want to improve response time efficiency

 This is the smallest stretch that a police officer or group of police officers regularly patrol.  a.beats  b.district  c.stations  d.zone  Answer: A

Learning Objective 4 Explain why differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more efficiently to 911 calls

Improving Response Time Efficiency  Implemented 311 nonemergency call systems  Differential response strategy  Prioritize calls for service so that officers can respond to important calls more quickly  Creating new nationwide intelligence network to locate all calls, read texts and watch streaming video  Hot/cold crimes: hot crime: a crime in progress  Cold crime: a crime that was previously committed and just recently discovered by the victim: ie. Stolen car.  V.O.I.P ( VOICE OVER INTERNET PROTOCOL) technology to turn their computers into telephones.

Police Strategies: What Works  General Patrol: making the rounds of a specific area with the purpose of carrying out various patrol functions  Directed patrol: a patrol strategy that is designed to focus on a specific type of criminal activity..  Control beats:  Proactive beats  Reactive beats  Patrol strategies  Testing general patrol theories in Kansas City  “Hot Spots” and crime mapping  Arrest strategies  The Broken Window effect  Supporters and critics

Broken Window  The theory states that maintaining and monitoring urban environments to prevent small crimes such as vandalism, public drinking and toll- jumping helps to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes from happening.urban environmentsvandalism

Learning Objective 5 Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem- oriented policing

Predictive Policing and Crime Mapping Finding Hot spots: contain a greater number of criminals and have higher – than-average levels of victimization. Crime Mapping: technology that allows crime analysts to identify trends and patterns of criminal behavior within a given area. Geographic Information systems: designed to track criminal acts as they occur in time and space.

Community Policing and Problem Solving  Community policing is a philosophy that prevents and addresses crime by promoting  Community-police partnerships  Proactive problem solving  Community engagement  Emphasizes the importance of social services in police work  Similar to the Political Era of Policing

Community Policing and Problem Solving  Problem-Oriented Policing:  A key component of community policing  Moves beyond simply responding to incidents and attempts instead to control or even solve the root causes of criminal behavior  Two important aspects of problem-solving policing: ① “Hot spots” ② Crime mapping

Issues in Modern Policing  Police Subculture  The values and perceptions that are shared by members of a police department  These values permeate agencies and are taught to new officers through a process of socialization  The core values of police subculture  Police cynicism  The physical dangers of police work  The stress of police work

Learning Objective 6 Determine when police officers are justified in using deadly force

Authority and the Use of Force  The use of force is rare  Occurs in only 1.4% of police-public encounters  Types of force  Reasonable force  The degree of force that is appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive  Deadly force  Force applied by a police officer that is likely or intended to cause death

 Williard, a Baltimore police sergeant, is suing the Baltimore Police Department for refusing to help him with his PTSD. Williard joined the force in 1992, and worked without incident until 2005, when he fatally shot a man to protect fellow officers. His shooting was justified, but he felt remorse for his actions. He claims the department didn’t provide counseling. In 2009, Williard requested medical leave because he could not perform his duties given his PTSD. In 2010, he requested disability retirement. It was denied. The department’s policy requires that all officers involved in a shooting be put on desk duty and see a Critical Incident Stress Team before returning to patrol duties.  The lawsuit is ongoing, and it is unclear whether the Department followed it’s policy. But even if policy was followed, does the department have an obligation to provide counseling services indefinitely? Why or Why not?  What are some challenges officers face after they’ve been involved in a shooting?  Is “desk-duty” and visiting with a counselor enough to help them overcome these challenges or should more be done?

Authority and the Use of Force  The United States Supreme Court and Use of Force:  Tennessee v. Garner (1985)  Graham v. Conner (1989)

Learning Objective 7 Identify the three traditional forms of police corruption

Police Corruption  Types of corruption  Bribery  Shakedowns  Mooching  Accountability measures  Internal Affairs Unit  Citizen oversight boards

Learning Objective 8 Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing a police officer

Police Ethics  Ethical dilemmas are defined as a situation in which law enforcement officers:  Do not know the right course of action  Have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or  Find the wrong choice very tempting  Four categories of ethical dilemmas: ① Discretion ② Duty ③ Honesty ④ Loyalty

 It has become a truism among police chiefs that 10% of their officers cause 90% of the problems – leading to the “problem-officer” phenomenon. In response, “early warning systems” are being implemented in police departments. This is a data- based police management tool designed to identify officers whose behavior is problematic and provide a form of intervention to correct that performance. In spite of considerable differences among the programs, early research findings suggest they reduce problem behaviors significantly.  What factors should early warning systems consider to identify “problem” officers?  Can you think of any unintended or undesirable effects of using early warning systems?