Topic A2. Wetlands in the IPCC processes Daniel Murdiyarso and Randy Kolka

 Introduction  IPCC reports IPCC Assessment reports IPCC Special reports IPCC Guidelines  Wetlands in the IPCC processes Evolution of IPCC guidelines 1996 Guidelines 2000 Good practice guidance 2006 Guidelines 2013 Supplement on wetlands  Summary Outline Topic A2. Slide 2 of 26

 Established by WMO and UNEP in 1988  Open to all member countries of the United Nations  Does not conduct research or monitor but assessment of published literature  Provide rigorous and balanced scientific information to decision-makers  IPCC reports are policy relevant and policy neutral; they are never policy prescriptive  Nobel Peace Prize winner in 2007 Introduction Topic A2. Slide 3 of 26

Topic A2. Slide 4 of 26 IPCC Plenary IPCC Bureau IPCC Executive Committee IPCC Secretariat Working Group I The Physical Science Basis Working Group I The Physical Science Basis TSU Working Group II Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group II Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability TSU Working Group III Mitigation of Climate Change Working Group III Mitigation of Climate Change TSU Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories TSU Authors – Contributors – Reviewers – Review Editors Peer-reviewed scientific, technical and socioeconomic literature

 Assessment reports (prepared by three working groups)  Special reports (prepared by the relevant working groups)  Guidelines for national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories (prepared by a task force on national GHG inventories) IPCC reports Topic A2. Slide 5 of 26

 First global synthesis, 1990  Subsequent reports Second assessment report (SAR), 1995 Third assessment report (TAR), 2001 Fourth assessment report (AR4), 2007 Fifth assessment report (AR5), 2013/2014 IPCC assessment reports Topic A2. Slide 6 of 26

 Observation of changes in: Greenhouse gas concentrations Temperature Extent of ice sheets Sea level rise  Climate modeling and projections  Findings and key uncertainties IPCC assessment report: Working Group 1: The physical science basis Topic A2. Slide 7 of 26

 Observed impacts  Responding to climate change  Adaptive capacity  Key vulnerability  Information considered by sector and region IPCC assessments: Working Group 2: Climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability) Topic A2. Slide 8 of 26

 How to: decrease GHG emissions increase activities that remove GHGs from the atmosphere  All sectors considered  Cost/benefit analysis of mitigation  Policies, measures and instruments IPCC asessment reports Working Group 3: Mitigation of climate change Topic A2. Slide 9 of 26

 Emission scenarios (SRES, 2000)  Land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF, 2000)  Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS, 2005)  (REN, 2008)  (EX, 2012) IPCC special reports Topic A2. Slide 10 of 26

IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories Topic A2. Slide 11 of 26 Vol 4. AFOLU  Consistent methods for countries to account for: -GHG emissions -Changes in carbon stocks -Changes in land use that result in changes in GHG emissions and/or carbon stocks  For all sectors including: energy; transport; buildings; industry; agriculture, forestry, and other land- use (AFOLU); and waste management

Evolution of IPCC Guidelines for national GHG inventories Topic A2. Slide 12 of IPCC Guidelines 2003 IPCC GPG LULUCF 2006 IPCC Guidelines

 Agriculture and land-use change and forestry (LUCF) are separate sectors  Focus on the most important activities resulting in GHG emissions/removals  LUCF (changes in forest & other woody biomass stocks, forest and grassland conversion, abandonment of managed lands, CO 2 emissions and removals from soil)  Agriculture (enteric fermentation, manure management, rice cultivation, agricultural soils, prescribed burning of savannas, field burning of agricultural residues) 1996 IPCC Guidelines Topic A2. Slide 13 of 26

IPCC Good practice guidance Topic A2. Slide 14 of 26  Different methodological tiers (Tier 1, 2 & 3)  Identification of key categories  QA/QC  Documentation, reporting and archiving  Uncertainties

2006 IPCC Guidelines Topic A2. Slide 15 of 26  Integration of Agriculture and LUCF/LULUCF sectors into ‘Agriculture Forestry and Land Use’ (AFOLU) to remove inconsistencies and double counting  Retained the basic structure of GPG- LULUCF  Managed land as a proxy for anthropogenic emissions  Inclusion and consolidation of several previously optional categories (e.g. N 2 O emissions from peatlands, carbon stocks in settlements)  Guidance on Harvested Wood Products  Refinement of methods and improved defaults

Greenhouse gas inventory: Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) Topic A2. Slide 16 of 26 Forest land All woody vegetation according to national definitions Cropland Crops including rice and agroforestry not included above Grassland All rangelands and pastures not included above Settlements Wetlands Wetlands not included above (peat use and flooded lands) Other Lands Includes bare soil, rock, ice and lands not included above

Developing emission factors Topic A2. Slide 17 of 26 Stock-change Flux-difference approach

Tracking activity data and changes from land-use change Topic A2. Slide 18 of 26 Forest Land (unmanaged) Forest Land (managed, rain forest) Forest Land (managed, peat bog) Forest land (Mangrove)Forest Land (managed, plantation) Grassland Cropland Wetlands Settlements Other Land Final Area Forest Land (unmanaged)12 Forest Land (managed, rain forest)43 Forest Land (managed, peat bog)66 Forest land (Mangrove)61 Forest Land (managed, plantation) Grassland29 Cropland1113 Wetlands55 Settlements1124 Other Land22 Initial area Net change Initial Land Areas Final Land Areas

Three hierarchical methodological tiers Topic A2. Slide 19 of 26 IPCC Guidelines mentioned three possible levels of complexity of approaches These have been formalized under three methodological tiers (Tier 1, 2 & 3) under GPG-LULUCF and 2006 Guidelines that have included progressively detailed methods for them. Tier 1: A simple first order approach that uses spatially coarse default data based on globally available data characterized by large uncertainties and sometimes with methods involving several simplifying assumptions; Tier 2: A more accurate approach substituting country or region specific values for the general defaults and more disaggregated activity data characterized by relatively smaller uncertainties; Tier 3: Higher order methods involving detailed modeling and/or inventory measurement systems driven by data at a greater resolution that provide estimates with lower uncertainties than the previous two methods.

Topic A2. Slide 20 of 26 ha/y x ton/ha = ton/y

Wetlands in 2006 IPCC Guidelines Topic A2. Slide 21 of 26  Wetlands include any land that is covered or saturated by water for all or part of the year  Guidance is restricted to managed wetlands or wetlands created through human activity  Emissions from unmanaged ecosystems such as natural wetlands, rivers and lakes are not reported  The guidance is spread across different land uses (organic soils)

Wetlands in 2006 IPCC Guidelines Topic A2. Slide 22 of 26

Topic A2. Slide 23 of Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands 1.Introduction 2.Drained inland organic soils 3.Rewetted organic soils 4.Coastal wetlands 5.Inland wetland organic soils 6.Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment 7.Cross-cutting issues and reporting

Summary  Methodologies to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands have gone through various processes and improvements  The needs for capacity building and research on tropical wetlands are huge, especially in relation to Chapters 2, 3 and 4  Estimating emission factors and tallying activity data in a systematic way is key to reducing uncertainties  Science plays a key role in generating knowledge and improving methodologies Topic A2. Slide 24 of 26

References IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] Good practice guidance for land-use, land-use change and forestry. Hayama, Japan: IGES. IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. In Eggleston HS, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T and Tanabe K. (eds). Hayama, Japan: IGES. IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] Supplement to the 2006 IPCC guideline for national greenhouse gas inventories: Wetlands. Hayama, Japan: IGES. Topic A2. Slide 25 of 26

The Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP) is a collaborative effort by CIFOR, the USDA Forest Service, and the Oregon State University with support from USAID. How to cite this file Murdiyarso D and Randy K Wetlands in the IPCC Processes [PowerPoint presentation]. In: SWAMP toolbox: Theme A section A2 Retrieved from Photo credit Aulia Erlangga/CIFOR, Daniel Murdiyarso/CIFOR, IPCC, James Maiden/CIFOR, Kate Evans/CIFOR, Ollivier Girard/CIFOR, Ramadian Bachtiar/CIFOR, Ricky Martin/Bobo, Sigit D. Sasmito/CIFOR.