Ionization Energies Revised 11/20/11

Ionization energy The energy needed to remove an electron completely from at atom. Depends upon …. The attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electron. The repulsion between the negatively charged electrons.

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+ 2

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+ 8 2

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Eight electrons are filling the second energy level. Why does the ionization energy increase along a period?

Why are there “blips” in the ionization energies?

The second energy level must be subdivided into two sublevels each with a different energy. The fifth electron for boron must be in a higher energy level because it takes less additional energy to remove it.

Electrons in the lower sublevel Electrons in the higher sublevel The second energy level must be subdivided into two sublevels each with a different energy. The fifth electron for boron must be in a higher energy level because it takes less additional energy to remove it.

The same is true for the third energy level. Electrons in the lower sublevel Electrons in the higher sublevel

n2n The number of electrons in the n th energy level is given by 2n 2. The Bohr model showed only 8 electrons in the third energy level. Where are the other ten electrons?

n2n In multi-electron atoms the original Bohr energy levels are split into sublevels s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 4f sublevelnumber of electrons s2 p6 d10 f The letters s, p, d and f are used to label the sublevels.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram n2n s2 p6 d10 f14

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram for Arsenic Electrons with opposite spin are represented by up and down arrows. Each horizontal line represents an orbital, a region which can be occupied by up to two electrons. The electron energy diagram represents the arrangement of the electrons in their respective energy levels and sublevels.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram

1s E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram

1s 2s 2p E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram The second energy splits into two sublevels called “s” and “p”. An s-sublevel holds two electons. A p-sublevel holds up to six electrons in three orbitals.

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram The third energy splits into three sublevels, the “s”, the “p”, and the “d”. The d-sublevel holds up to ten electrons in five orbitals.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 4f E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram The fourth energy splits into four sublevels, the “s”, the “p”, the “d”, and the “f ”. The f-sublevel holds up to 14 electrons in seven orbitals. Notice that the 4s sublevel is lower in energy than the 3d sublevel.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 4f 5d 5f E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram Notice the overlap again in the 5s and 4d, and the location of the 4f sublevel.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 5f 6d E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram The 6s-sublevel is lower in energy than the 4f sublevel.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram The 7s-sublevel is lower in energy than the 5f sublevel. The energy sublevels are filled in order from lowest energy to highest energy.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram Order in which the energy sublevels are filled.

Periodic table - Sublevels s p d f

Order in which the energy sublevels are filled.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p E n e r g y Electron Energy Diagram The order in which the orbitals are filled can also be predicted from the graph of ionization energy.

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s H

2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s He

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s Li

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s Be

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p B

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p C

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p N

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p O

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p F

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p Ne

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s Na

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s Mg

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Al

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Si

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p P

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p S

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Cl

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Ar

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s K

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s Ca

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Sc

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Ti

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d V

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Cr

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Mn

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Fe

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Co

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Ni

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Cu

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d Zn

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p Ga

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p Ge

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p As

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p Se

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p Br

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p Kr

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s Rb

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s Sr

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d Y

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d Tc

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d Cd

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p In

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p Sb

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p Xe

1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p Cs

Mike Jones Pisgah High School Canton NC

+ 1s 2s 2p 3s 4s 3p 4p 3d 4d 5s 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p E n e r g y Spare parts