The Industrial Revolution From England to America

Industrial Revolution  Changes in lives were so great  named “ Industrial Revolution ”  People left homes to work in mills  Earned wages

Where did it begin?  England  Textile industry – making cloth

Technological Developments in English textile industry  Spinning Jenny  James Hargreaves – c  Could spin 8 threads at once  Operated by 1 person  Faster production  more  cheaper

© 25, 2004

© ning.htm/Feb. 35, 2004 © tourspinning2.htm/Feb. 25, 2004

 Water Frame  Richard Arkwright  Improved Hargreaves ’ ideas  Water power © 25, 2004

© 25, 2004 Arkwright ’ s improvement on Hargreaves ’ invention – spinning frame

 Spinning Mill  Richard Arkwright  Several spinning machines in a building © 25, 2004

 Power Loom  Edmund Cartwright  Used water power to run looms Power Loom © ters/IR/012.html, Feb 25, 2004

© Feb. 24, 2004 © Feb. 25, 2004

The Industrial Revolution comes to the U.S.  Samuel Slater  Pawtucket, Rhode Island   Rhode Island factory System © Feb. 24, 2004

Spinning frame from Slater ’ s factory - © Feb. 25, 2004

The Rhode Island System  Slater duplicated English technology  Mills made thread  Women in homes wove thread into cloth  Whole families worked for mill

The Waltham-Lowell System  Francis Cabot Lowell  Waltham, Massachusetts  Launched the factory system – bringing all manufacturing steps into one place to increase efficiency

Changes in New England

 “ Lowell Girls ” – advertised for local farm girls, who boarded at the factory  Canal System Canal System  Power drives Power drives

Results of factory system  Employees no longer set own priorities, hours, conditions  Work conditions suffered – long hours for very low pay, no safety regulations

More results...  Women were first to protest factory conditions  Child labor  Poor conditions  Led eventually to labor unions/labor laws

Urbanization

Meanwhile, in the South - Eli Whitney  Cotton Gin  Processed 50x amount of short-staple cotton than by hand © Feb. 25, 2004

PATENT NUMBER: 72X TITLE: Cotton Gin March 14, 1794 Eli Whitney © 25, 2004 © Geb. 24, 2004

© Feb. 25, 2004 © _gin_patent/cotton_gin_patent.html,Feb. 24, 2004

© 3h1522b.html, Feb. 24, 2004

Effects of Cotton Gin  Southerners were able to grow short-staple cotton profitably; this variety grew inland (as far as Texas), unlike sea island cotton  Cotton Kingdom - More and more invested in growing cotton

More effects...  Southerners who ’ d been seeking a cash crop to replace tobacco found it  England ’ s textile mills created a demand for cotton that the South filled

More effects...  Demand for labor increased  demand for slaves increased.  – Slavery was not abolished (Constitutional Convention compromise)  Slave imports increase as cotton exports rise

Back to the Factories - Interchangeable Parts  Whitney ’ s most important invention  Identical machine parts that could be quickly put together to form a product  Gunsmithing – government contract for muskets

Interchangeable Parts  Repair easy – replace broken piece  Foundation for 20 th century assembly line technology  Led to mass production  lower cost for goods

© Feb. 25, 2004

Effects of the Industrial Revolution  Change in lives of workers  Poor pay and working conditions  Long hours  Immigrant population  labor  Women work outside home  Urbanization (as people move to cities to work in factories)

Factory Work

Effects…  Further polarization of American economics  North – industry, business  South – agriculture, cotton, slavery  Greater US industrial power