Welcome to Pharmacology MA 235 Instructor: Ryan Lambert- Bellacov

Overview of the course

Ancient Origins Pharmacy comes from the Greek word, meaning drug Scientific approach to medicine began with the ancient Greeks Hippocrate Oath Proposed that disease came from natural, not supernatural causes Established the theory of humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)

Ancient Medicine Ancient Egyptian Medicine -was highly advanced for the time (mummification) Ancient Chinese Medicine - Zhang Liang invented an instrument named "Meng" which is considered to be precursor of modern stethoscope. Ancient India Medicine- Indian snake root (Jones) Ancient Greek Medicine- Hemlock and the dealth of Socrates

Ancient Origins Galen Conducted animal experiments Produced a systematic classification of drugs for treatment of disease Galenical pharmacy described the process of creating extracts of active medicinals from plants First century A.D. De Materia Medica (standard text on drugs for 1500 years)

Ancient Origins Dr. John Morgan Eighteenth Century Supported the separation of the professions of pharmacy and medicine

Chapter 1 Consumer Safety and Drug Regulations

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.8 Knowledge of Pharmacology Can have an impact on others Answer questions as they arise Patient may feel more comfortable asking a pharmacist Dispel fallacies

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov.9 Fallacies Only nurses can give medications Only physicians may write prescriptions Prescriptions are required only for narcotics Drugs produced in the United States are made in federally approved laboratories

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.10 Drug Laws Pure Food and Drug Act Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and Amendments of 1951 and Controlled Substances Act

Brief History of Statutory Pharmacy Law In nineteenth century drugs in the United States were unregulated –medicines did not require proof that they were either safe or effective Traveling medicine shows proclaimed “miracle cures” –no regulations on labeling –no research to support claims

Need for Drug Control Before 1951, U.S. federal law made no distinction between drugs that can and cannot be purchased without a prescription from a physician. In some countries any drug can still be dispensed or sold without legal restriction.

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.13 Controlled Substances Schedule I Schedule II Schedule III Schedule IV Schedule V May vary between states –Know state laws

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 Schedu le Medical UseExamples IFor research onlyHeroin, LSD IIDispensing severely restricted Morphine, oxycodone IIIPrescriptions can be refilled up to 5 times in 6 months Codeine with aspirin, anabolic steroids IVSame as for Schedule IIIBenzodiazepines, meprobamate VSome sold w/o a prescription; must be 18 Liquid codeine combination preps.

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.15 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Inspects food, drug, and cosmetic manufacturing facilities Reviews drug applications and food additive petitions Investigates and prohibits unsafe drugs Assures proper labeling

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.16 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) For controlled substances only Enforces laws against illegal drug manufacturing and activities Identifies need for changing the schedules of abused drugs

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994 The FDA does not regulate diet supplements –because diet supplements are sold with nonprescription products, many consumers are unaware of this subtle difference in regulation

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.18 Health Care Worker Role Keep accurate records Maintain adequate supply of drugs Phone in prescriptions Secure prescription forms for providers

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.19 Health Care Worker Role Keep a current drug reference book Keep controlled substances locked –Usually double-locked Conceal prescription pads to prevent theft

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.20 Guidelines Keep records of each controlled substance dispensed, received, or destroyed

Copyright © 2007 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.21 Guidelines Keep current with FDA and DEA regulations Establish working rapport with a pharmacist Maintain professional rapport with pharmaceutical representatives