1.1 The Study of Life Planet Earth includes many different land, water and air environments Tl

1.1 The Study of Life The Biosphere are those parts of the Earth where living things are found. biosphere = everywhere life exists

1.1 The Study of Life –One particular type of living thing is known as a species –Over 1.8 million different species have been identified –It is estimated that millions more exist that haven’t been discovered Biodiversity - the variety of living things on Earth Olinguito

1.1 The Study of Life Biodiversity is greater in areas like the tropics where the temperatures are consistently warm. Biodiversity increases near the equator and gets less near the poles Biodiversity is greater closer to the equator.

1.1 The Study of Life Biology – branch of science that studies all forms of life.

1.1 The Study of Life The BIG Question is …………… What is the Definition of ” Life”? What Do All Living Things Have in Common?

Characteristics of Life

What’s the Big Idea? All living things share the characteristics of life in common.

Living Thing = Organism Living Thing = Orgasm

Physical Structures 1.CELLS 2.GENETIC MATERIAL

LIFE PROCESSES 1.OBTAIN ENERGY 2.RESPIRATION 3.GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 4.MOVEMENT 5.RESPOND TO STIMULI 6.MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 7.METABOLISM 8.EXCRETION 9.REPRODUCTION 10.EVOLUTION

Same processes, different methods Fish Gills Human Lungs Roach Spiracles

CELLS 1. Cells are the smallest form of life.

CELLS 2. Cells are the “ building blocks” of all organisms

1. CELLS 2. There are Two Major Types of Cells * Prokaryotic * Eukaryotic Each organism is made of only one cell type

PROKARYOTIC CELLS Oldest known cell type Does NOT have a nucleus Only found in bacteria

EUKARYOTIC CELLS Believed to have evolved from prokaryotic cells HAS a nucleus Found in Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists

3. Number of Cells Unicellular – Organism made of one cell ex. Bacteria, Yeast, Amoeba Multicellular – Organism made of many cells ex. Animals, plants, most fungi

CELLS Eukaryotic cells in multicellular organisms have specialized jobs. Ex. Skin cells, blood cells, nerve cells

CELLS 5. Cells are able to combine to form larger, more organized structures Cell>Tissues>Organs>Organ System> ORGANISM Check your spelling

GENETIC MATERIAL Stored in every cell is the molecule DNA. it’s the universal genetic code

GENETIC MATERIAL 2. Passed from one generation to the next through reproduction the genetic code determines a. Physical traits b. Some personality traits

8 Life Processes carried out by all Organisms

METABOLISM All the chemical reactions that occur in the body. Anabolic reactions – build matter Ex. Photosynthesis, Catabolic reactions – breakdown matter Ex. Digestion

OBTAIN ENERGY Energy is needed to for chemical reactions to occur. Food provides energy (E)

OBTAIN ENERGY 2 Methods of Obtaining E rich food molecules 1.Autotrophs – Capture sunlight or chemical energy to make their own food molecules ex. Plants 2. Heterotrophs – Feed on living or dead organisms or their products (honey,nectar,dung) ex. Animals, fungi

RESPIRATION Chemical reaction which occurs in the cell to release the E stored in food.

RESPIRATION 2 Forms of Cell Respiration 1.Aerobic Respiration – Cells require oxygen 2.Anaerobic Respiration –Cells don’t use oxygen

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Growth is the result of cells dividing to make more cells (cell division)

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Development – orderly series of changes during an organism’s life

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Even though they may live a looooong time…..All organisms eventually die

MOVEMENT Organisms use different methods of locomotion to move. Plant movements are called tropisms. 1. Phototropism – movement toward light 2. Gravitropism – movement in response to gravitational pull

RESPOND TO ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI Stimuli - factors in the environment that stimulate living things (ex. Light, sound, temperature) Response – physiological or behavioral reaction to stimulus. (ex. Sweat, move to shade)

MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS 1.Body processes that maintain stable conditions inside an organism’s body regardless of changes in the outer environment. 2.Body conditions like temperature, blood sugar, and oxygen levels are kept at the optimal level for survival.

HOMEOSTASIS Ex. Human body temperature stays at ~ 98.6 F Thermoregulation Ex. Blood Sugar Levels When blood sugar is high insulin is release to help the cells take in sugar When blood sugar is too low, sugar stored in the liver is released to the blood Diabetes – results from homeostasis failure

EXCRETION  Chemical reactions produce _____________________ that must be removed so as not to poison the body.

REPRODUCTION Organisms produce more of their own kind by passing DNA to their offspring through reproduction.

REPRODUCTION 1. Sexual - two sex cells required (sperm and egg) 2. Asexual - only one parent cell is needed Bacterial binary fission

EVOLUTION Evolution – process by which new species develop from already existing ones due to changes in their genetic inheritance

EVOLUTION A population of organisms can evolve, individual organisms cannot evolve.

EVOLUTION  Changes that result in adaptations for survival are “selected” for by nature.

Types of Adaptations Physical / Anatomical (Body Structure)

Types of Adaptations Physiological (Body processes) Wood Frog Poison Ivy Rattlesnake

Types of Adaptations Behavioral Monarchs Wood frogs mating Sage Grouse

Summary Although there is great diversity of living things, the characteristics of life unifies them as being alive. Unity – Characteristics of Life Diversity – Ways in which organisms differ

Cool Down A friend (who didn’t pass Biology) is trying to tell you that fire is alive. Use what you have learned to convince them otherwise. Write out what you would say to them. (Even though they aren’t as knowledgable as you, please don’t start your letter to them with “Hey Loser”)