BREEDING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Breeding? Application of genetics principles for improvement Application of genetics principles for improvement “Accelerated” and “targeted evolution” “Accelerated” and “targeted evolution” An evolution by artificial selection An evolution by artificial selection Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents Systematic process of matching genetic factors from parent plants to produce offspring that are superior to parents Genetic improvement through crossing with desired traits and selecting progeny with improved performance and/or improved combinations of traits. Genetic improvement through crossing with desired traits and selecting progeny with improved performance and/or improved combinations of traits. Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes. Systematic procedures used to improve trait phenotypes by crossing and selection, directed manipulation of the genotype at the DNA sequence level, and introduction of new genes.

Importance of Plant breeding? Increases in yield are derived both from improved varieties and from improved management. It suggests about a of crop yield split between genetic gain and gain attributed to management. Planting material is the most important input in agriculture An improved cultivar is the most economic and least laborious input for crop cultivation

Primary Steps in Plant Breeding Develop a Vision Find or Create Variability (Techniques) Apply Selection Pressure Evaluate and Select (Screen) Commercialize

Challenges of plant breeding early in 21th century Human population growth Human population is growing faster than increases in food production. Grain production increases around 0.5% a year, while human population growth is about 1.5% a year Sustainability Environment problems due to natural resource over exploitation Globalization World wide competition among the largest multinational as global business entity and national companies of agriculture input production such as seed materials Global warming Changing climate may change in quality and quantity of biotic and a- biotic factors.

Meeting the challenges Use all knowledge and tools that can contribute to : 1.overcome the challenges 2.Maintain long term productivity and sustainability Molecular genetics, Molecular biology, Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics Molecular physiology

Time Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement Plant Breeding Technologies & Crop Improvement (A Continuum) Genomics Analytical Technologies Transgenic Traits Biotech/Genetic Engineering Winter Nurseries Computer Technologies Plot Mechanization Quantitative Genetics Statistics Pedigree Breeding Hybridization Open Pollinated Selection Germplasm Improvement ( = higher yields) Proteomics Bioinformatics

Plant Breeding in the 21th Century Selection breeding methods In vitro breeding methods Molecular breeding methods Transgenic breeding methods

Conventional breeding methods  Selection  Hybridization  Mutagenesis  Polyploidy  Heterosis

Selection breeding methods  Mass selection  Bulk breeding method  Single-seed descent  Pedigree breeding The oldest method for plant improvement

In vitro breeding 1.Somaclonal variation 2.Haploid and double breeding 3.In vitro selection 4.Somatic Hybridization 5.Micro-propagation

Transgenic breeding 1.Gene construct methods 2. Transformation methods 3. Screening methods 4.Evaluation methods

Molecular breeding 1.Marker development methods 2. Quantitative trait loci 3. Marker assisted breeding methods

Comparing Genetic Modification Techniques Whole organism Molecule MoleculeMolecule Thousands of genes Unknown Single gene Genetic change poorly characterized Genetic change poorly characterized Gene function well understood Gene function well understood Between species and genera Not applicable No limitations Selective Breeding Mutation breeding Transgenic breeding Level Precision Certainty Limits

Desired gene Traditional plant breeding DNA is a strand of genes, much like a strand of pearls. Traditional plant breeding combines many genes at once. Traditional donor Commercial variety New variety Desired Gene X = (crosses) (many genes are transferred) Transgenic breeding Using plant biotechnology, a single gene may be added to the strand. Desired gene Commercial variety New variety (transfers) = Desired gene (only desired gene is followed )

New tools in plant breeding No.Breeding stepsNew tools 1.Creating variability1.Somaclonal technique 2.Protoplast fusion technique 3.Transformation technique 2.Selection1.In vitro selection technique 2.Marker development technique 3.Double haploid technique 3.Evaluation1.Marker development technique 4.Releasing1. Marker development technique 5.Seed production1.Micropropagation technique 2.Marker development technique

Outline I. I. In vitro breeding A. A.Micropropagation methods B. B.Protoplast isolation and fusion methods C. C.Somaclonal variation D. D.In vitro Screening methods II. II. Transgenic breeding A. Gene construct methods B. Transformation methods C. Transgenic Plant III. III.Molecular breeding A. A.Marker development methods B. B.Marker Assisted Selection methods C. C.Marker Assisted Backcrossing methods

" Never think for a minute that we are going to build permanent peace in this world on empty stomachs and human misery." Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize Laureate

Agriculture is everywhere and every time Agriculture is everywhere and every time Already this morning agriculture has touched your life