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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings p. 958 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26-5c The Blood Supply to the Kidneys A flowchart of renal circulation Renal vein Renal artery Segmental arteries Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Cortical radiate arteries Afferent arterioles Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries Interlobar veins Arcuate veins Cortical radiate veins Venules NEPHRONS p. 958

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Figure 26-6 The Functional Anatomy of a Representative Nephron and the Collecting System NEPHRON Distal convoluted tubuleProximal convoluted tubule Renal corpuscle Nephron loop KEY Secretion of ions, acids, drugs, toxins Variable reabsorption of water, sodium ions, and calcium ions (under hormonal control) Reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients Renal tubule Capsular space Glomerulus Efferent arteriole Afferent arteriole Glomerular capsule Production of filtrate Descending limb of loop begins Thin descending limb Ascending limb of loop ends Thick ascending limb Descending limb Ascending limb Further reabsorption of water (descending limb) and both sodium and chloride ions (ascending limb) Filtrate Water reabsorption Variable water reabsorption Solute reabsorption or secretion Variable solute reabsorption or secretion p. 963

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 26-10b Glomerular Filtration Net filtration pressure Factors Controlling Glomerular Filtration Filtrate in capsular space Plasma proteins Solutes mm Hg Capsular colloid osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP) Net filtration pressure (NFP) Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure Transport Activities at the PCT KEY Leak channel Countertransport Exchange pump Cotransport Diffusion Reabsorption Secretion Peritubular capillary Peritubular fluid Osmotic water flow Glucose and other organic solutes Cells of proximal convoluted tubule Tubular fluid Lumen containing tubular fluid Cuboidal epithelial cells p. 973

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 26-13a Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine The mechanism of sodium and chloride ion transport involves the Na  –K  /2 Cl  carrier. KEY Cotransport Exchange pump Reabsorption Secretion Diffusion This plasma membrane is impermeable to water Urea Tubular fluid Peritubular fluid Cells of thick ascending limb p. 975 LoH

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Figure 26-13c Countercurrent Multiplication and Concentration of Urine The permeability characteristics of both the loop and the collecting duct tend to concentrate urea in the tubular fluid and in the medulla. Renal cortex DCT and collecting ducts (impermeable to urea; variable permeability to water) Thin descending limb (permeable to water; impermeable to urea) Papillary duct (permeable to urea) Renal medulla Urea Na  Cl  p. 975

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Figure 26-14ab Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT The basic pattern of the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions and the secretion of potassium ions Aldosterone-regulated reabsorption of sodium ions, linked to the passive loss of potassium ions Peritubular capillary Peritubular fluid Cells of distal convoluted tubule Sodium ions are reabsorbed in exchange for potassium ions; these ion pumps are stimulated by aldeosterone (A). Tubular fluid Sodium–potassium exchange in aldosterone sensitive portion of DCT and collecting duct Sodium and chloride reabsorption in entire DCT Distal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Glomerular capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Urine storage and elimination Collecting duct Nephron loop KEY Secretion Reabsorption Diffusion Cotransport Aldosterone- regulated pump Exchange pump Countertransport Leak channel p. 978 DCT

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. p. 978 DCT

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 26-14c Tubular Secretion and Solute Reabsorption at the DCT Distal convoluted tubule Glomerulus Glomerular capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Urine storage and elimination Collecting duct Nephron loop KEY Secretion Reabsorption Diffusion Cotransport Aldosterone- regulated pump Exchange pump Countertransport Leak channel Sodium bicarbonate Hydrogen ion secretion and the acidification of urine occur by two routes. Amino acid deamination Hydrochloric acid Ammonium chloride Tubular fluid H + secretion and HCO 3 - reabsorption along entire DCT and collecting duct p. 979 DCT & CD

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Figure The Response to a Reduction in the GFR Autoregulation Normal glomerular filtration rate HOMEOSTASIS HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED HOMEOSTASIS DISTURBED Immediate local response in the kidney Increased glomerular blood pressure if sufficient Dilation of afferent arterioles Contraction of mesangial cells Constriction of efferent arterioles Normal GFR Decreased GFR resulting in decreased filtrate and urine production Start p. 971

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure The Response to a Reduction in the GFR Renin–Angiotensin System Endocrine response Integrated endocrine and neural mechanisms activated Juxtaglomerular complex increases production of renin. Angiotensin II constricts peripheral arterioles and further constricts the efferent arterioles. Renin in the bloodstream triggers formation of angiotensin I, which is then activated to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the capillaries of the lungs. Angiotensin II triggers increased aldosterone secretion by the adrenal glands. Aldosterone increases Na  retention. HOMEOSTASIS RESTORED Increased glomerular pressure Increased systemic blood pressure Increased blood volume Increased fluid consumption Increased fluid retention Constriction of venous reservoirs Increased cardiac output Increased stimulation of thirst centers Increased ADH production Angiotensin II triggers neural responses. Increased sympathetic motor tone Together, angiotensin II and sympathetic activation stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction. Normal glomerular filtration rate HOMEOSTASIS p. 971