Crisis & Absolutism Chapter 14

Europe in Crisis: The War of Religion Read about the following topics below. Incorporate any relevant information, terms, and ideas. Formulate 3 questions which pertain to each section. Complete the section review on a separate sheet of paper.

Homework Review! In groups of two discuss the homework from last night. What did you learn? What did you not understand?

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution

Economic and Social Conflicts 1600’s economy starts to slow down Spanish silver mines producing less Loss of Jewish/Muslin artisans and merchants exiled Population declining Warfare, Plague, and Famine Creation of social tensions

The Witchcraft Trials Witchcraft: belief in magic which was apart of traditional village culture for century Used as a scapegoat during era of social crisis Trials held against witches as hysteria grew Common people/poor 75% single or widowed women over 50 years old Intense torture caused people to confess

The Hammer of Witches Open to page 459 Read the “Printed Publication” on the Hammer of Witches Answer the two questions which relate

The Thirty Years War Causes Religion played an important role “Last of the religious wars” Political/territorial motives as well Holy Roman Empire Catholics vs. Protestants Soon Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain entered Effects Major destruction of Holy Roman Empire (Germany) Peace of Westphalia Officially ends the war Sweden becomes powerful in Baltic Sea German states divided

Thirty Year War

Revolutions in England Open to page 461 Read all information and complete the organizer Once completed grab the reading on the Glorious Revolution Homework: Complete Packet for Friday

Response to Crisis 14-3

Richelieu and Mazarin Louis XIII: King of France at age 9 Nobles not too happy about this Threatened by the Huguenots Cardinal Richelieu: Chief minister under Louis XIII Strengthened the power of the monarchy Stripped Huguenots of political and military rights Set up network of spies Louis XIV: King of France at age 4 Cardinal Mazarin: Chief minister under Louis XIV Crushed revolt by nobles

France Under Louis XIV Absolutism: the ruler has total power. Divine Right of Kings Ability to make laws, collect taxes, administer justice, control officials, and determine foreign policy Louis XIV: best example of absolutism in the 17 th century French culture, language, and manners adopted by many Europeans Court imitated as well

Louis the SUN KING Cardinal Mazarin dies in 1661 Louis XIV takes supreme power at age 23 “up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late cardinal Mazarin. It is now time that I govern them myself. You [secretaries and ministers of state] will assist me with your counsels when I ask for them. I request and order you to seal no orders except by my command. I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport without my command; to render account to me personally each day and to favor no one” Does Louis XIV sound self-assured or timid? Polite or rude? Serious or Frivolous?

DBQ Louis XIV and Absolutism Open to page 465 Read the excerpt Answer questions 1-2 in your notes

Government and Religion Versailles: Royal palace where government/court was located Kept nobles preoccupied at royal court Louis XIV Consolidated power Strengthened his role Head of foreign policy, church, and taxes Desired religious harmony Anti-Protestant Policy

The Economy Building palaces, maintaining a happy court, and pursuing wars costs a lot of money! Finances very important to Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert: controller-general of finances for France Increase France’s wealth through mercantilism Decrease imports/increase exports (tariffs) Subsidies for emerging industries Building roads and canals

Legacy of Louis XIV France left with a huge debt! Enemies surround France “Soon you will be King of a great kingdom… try to remain at peace with your neighbors. I loved war too much. Do not follow me in that or in overspending… lighten your people’s burden as soon as possible, and do what I have had the misfortune not to do myself”

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The Emergence of Prussia Frederick William the Great Elector: laid the foundation for the Prussian state. Built a large and efficient standing army 40,000 men 4 th largest in Europe Set up the General War Commissariat Levy taxes and oversee growth Used to govern the new state

The New Austrian Empire Austrian Hapsburgs: royal family who played a significant role in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire as Emperors After Thirty Years War, dream of creating a unified German empire died Establish control in eastern and southeastern Europe Present day Austria, Czech Republic, and Hungary Unable to establish a highly centralized absolutist state Made up of too many nationalities What effect do you think the lack of a strong central government among many nationalities will have on the Austrian Empire?

Leaders of Russia Ivan IV: 16 th century prince who unified the Russian state. Czar: Ivan was given this title which means Caesar Expanded territories of Russia eastward Hoped to crush the power of the boyars: Russian nobility Ruthless leader, stabbed his own son in a heated argument Dynasty ends in 1598 Time of Troubles: period of anarchy Michael Romanov: Next Czar of Russia in 1613 whose dynasty would last until 1917 (300 year reign) Monarchy established under the Zemsky Sobor: National assembly

Peter the Great Peter the Great: One of the most prominent czar who took leadership in Absolute Monarch who claimed divine right to rule Determined to westernize, or Europeanize Russia Borrow European Technology Modernization of the army/navy Bring western Ideas to Russia

Cultural Changes and a New Capital Peter Visits the west Brings Western customs, practices, and manners to Russia Men should shave their beards/shorten their coats Women should remove their traditional face covering veils and move out into society “open window to the west” Port with ready access to Europe Baltic Sea is the most likely option Long war with Sweden for control in the area St. Petersburg: base of the Russian navy and a window to the west. This becomes the official capital of the empire

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Military and Governmental Changes Military Used Russian and Western officers Drafted peasants for 25 years of service Built a standing army of 210,000 soldiers Government Divided Russia into provinces “Police State” Well ordered community governed by law

Ivan the Terrible

The World of European Culture

Mannerism Mannerism: a new art form which emerged after the Renaissance which ignored Renaissance proportions and portrayed suffering, heightened emotions, and religious upheaval El Greco: “The Greek” individual who used mannerism and expressed the ideas of religious upheaval of the Reformation

The Baroque Period Baroque Period: new movement which replaced Mannerism. Tried to bring classical ideals of Renaissance Art and spiritual feeling of religious revival. Richly detailed art and architecture Reflected a search for power Madrid, Prague, Vienna, and Brussels Gian Lorenzo Bernini: greatest figure of this period who completed St. Peters Basilica Throne of St. Peter

England’s Shakespeare Elizabethan Era: A cultural literary flowering which took place in England in the late 16 th and early 17 th century Drama becomes best representation William Shakespeare: “complete man of the theater” writer, actor, and shareholder in the chief theater company, Lord Chamberlain’s Men. Seen as a universal genius Master of the English Language Wrote sonnets Wrote tragedies and comedies Understanding of the human condition

Spain’s Cervantes/ Vega Miguel de Cervantes: writer of the novel Don Quixote hailed as one of the greatest literary works of all time. Portrayed the balance of visionary dreams and the hard work of reality These two are necessary to the human condition Lope de Vega: play writer who wrote about 1,500 plays Plays are witty, charming, action-packed, and realistic

Political Thought 17 th century concerns with order and power were reflected in the political thought of the time period. Thomas Hobbes John Locke Both present different responses How can war and revolution impact the political thinking of the time period? Explain.

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes: alarmed by the revolutionary upheaval, wrote Leviathan which supported the idea of absolute power of the ruler to maintain order in society before society was organized, human life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” Humans not guided by moral and reason, but by self-preservation Need to have a state which was headed by an absolute ruler with unlimited power This would stop rebellion and disorder

John Locke John Locke: took a different perspective about absolute power. Wrote Two Treaties of Government which described how government are formed and what justified them. Before society was organized, people lived in a state of equality and freedom Natural Rights: rights which people are born with such as Life, Liberty, and Property Agreed that to protect these rights you needed a government Mutual obligations Government protects your rights=you respect the government If the government violated their end of the deal, people were in their right to remove or alter this government (form a new government) How did the idea of John Locke impact the American Revolution?