THE GREAT DEPRESSION BRITAIN AND FRANCE OWE UNITED STATES FOR WAR SUPPLIES –GERMANY OWES BRITAIN AND FRANCE WAR REPARATIONS UNITED STATES AND EUROPE RAISE TARIFFS –CANADIAN FACTORIES CAN’T SELL PRODUCTS –CANADA HAS DIFFICULTY SELLING 1928 WHEAT CROP AS STOCKS DECLINE PEOPLE TRY TO SELL WHILE THEY ARE STILL WORTH SOMETHING

OCTOBER 1929 STOCK MARKETS CRASH –FIRST SEEN AS TEMPORARY FLUCTUATION MACKENZIE-KING ANNOUNCES AID FOR FARMERS BUT NOTHING FOR PROVINCES LED BY CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENTS –KING LOSES 1930 ELECTION TO BENNETT BENNETT WANTS TO FIGHT HIS WAY INTO FOREIGN MARKETS –LARGE TARIFFS –$20 MILLION FOR MAKE-WORK PROJECTS –PROMOTES EMPIRE-BASED TRADE SYSTEM IN BRITAIN –SEEKS ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY DEAL WITH UNITED STATES –CREATES BANK OF CANADA, 1934 DEPRESSION JUST GETS WORSE R.B. BENNETT PRIME MINISTER

MADE TO BE HUMILIATING –LINE UP IN PUBLIC –DECLARE THAT YOU ARE DESTITUTE AND DON’T OWN A CAR, RADIO OR TELEPHONE –MUST FIRST BE IN ARREARS ON UTILITIES AND RENT –RECEIVED VOUCHERS INSTEAD OF CASH SOME PLACES REQUIRED THOSE ON RELIEF TO WORK FOR THEIR BENEFITS –BOON-DOGGLING –BREAKING ROCKS FOR ROADS –SWEEPING STREETS –CUTTING WOOD RELIEF DELIVERED AND PARTIALLY FUNDED BY MUNICIPALITIES –STRICT RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS PREVENTED NEWCOMERS FROM GETTING HELP –IMMIGRANTS COULD BE DEPORTED IF TAKING RELIEF –30,000 WERE DEPORTED FROM 1930 TO 1935 RELIEF

BY MILLION CANADIANS (15%) WERE ON RELIEF –GOVERNMENTS WERE CONCERNED ABOUT UNEMPLOYED SINGLE MEN –RIPE FOR REVOLUTION SOME PLACES REQUIRED THOSE ON RELIEF TO WORK FOR THEIR BENEFITS –BOON-DOGGLING –BREAKING ROCKS FOR ROADS –SWEEPING STREETS –CUTTING WOOD RELIEF DELIVERED AND PARTIALLY FUNDED BY MUNICIPALITIES –STRICT RESIDENCY REQUIREMENTS PREVENTED NEWCOMERS FROM GETTING HELP –IMMIGRANTS COULD BE DEPORTED IF TAKING RELIEF –30,000 WERE DEPORTED FROM 1930 TO 1935 RELIEF

SOCIAL CREDIT –ARGUES FOR GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY TO INDIVIDUALS TO COVER THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE COSTS OF THE PRODUCER AND THE PRICES DEMANDED OF THE CONSUMER – ‘SOCIAL CREDIT’ –FORM GOVERNMENT IN ALBERTA IN 1935 UNDER WILLIAM ‘BIBLE BILL’ ABERHART –GOVERNMENT PAYMENTS FOUND TO BE UNCONSTITUTIONAL –TRIES TO IMPOSE GOVERNMENT CENSORSHIP OF NEWS MEDIA –ALSO RULED TO BE UNCONSTITUTIONAL –SOCIAL CREDIT EVENTUALLY REIGNS IN ALBERTA IN THE GUISE OF A TRADITIONAL CONSERVATIVE PARTY WILLIAM ‘BIBLE BILL’ ABERHART NEW POLITICAL PARTIES – NEW APPROACHES

CANADIAN COMMONWEALTH FEDERATION –SOCIALISTS OF VARIOUS TYPES HAD BEEN ACTIVE IN CANADA FOR YEARS, EVEN GETTING ELECTED TO PARLAIMENT –THEY DID NOT WORK TOGETHER UNTIL THE DEPRESSION –LABOUR M.P. J.S. WOODSWORTH CONVINCED RIVAL LABOUR PARTIES AND OTHER GROUPS TO FORM THE COOPERATIVE COMMONWEALTH FEDERATION –INITIAL SUCCESS INCLUDED FORMING THE OPPOSITION IN B.C. AND SASK. –DENOUNCED BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AS A THREAT TO THE FAITH, THE CCF ALSO FACED THE OPPOSITION OF THE CANADIAN COMMUNIST PARTY WHO SAW THEM AS RIVALS AT CROSS-PURPOSES –CCF SUCCESS SLOWS BY MID 1930s J.S. WOODSWORTH

VOTERS ARE SPLIT BETWEEN BETWEEN NEW PARTIES AND THE CONSERVATIVES –MACKENZIE-KINGs LIBERALS WIN A MAJORITY WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF VOTES THAT DEFEATED THEM IN 1930 –171 LIBERALS, 39 CONSERVATIVES, 17 SOCIAL CREDIT, 7 CCF LIBERAL GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES –PUT BANK OF CANADA UNDER GOV’T CONTROL –MAKE CBC MORE INDEPENDENT –STARTS TRANS-CANADA AIRLINES (AIR CANADA) –PURVIS COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE UNEMPLOYMENT PURVIS COMMISSION RECOMMENDS 20 MILLION IN ECONOMY INVESTMENT ELECTION OF 1935 LOCKHEED 10A ELECTRA OF TRANS-CANADA AIRLINE 1937

MACKENZIE-KING GIVES 1 MILLION OF THE 20 RECOMMENDED BY PURVIS BUT DOES SET UP ANOTHER COMMISSION TO LOOK INTO THE DISPARITY IN RESOURCES BETWEEN THE 9 PROVINCES –ROWELL-SIROIS COMMISSION FACING WIDE-SPREAD OPPOSITION THE COMMISSION DOESN’T PRODUCE A REPORT UNTIL IT CALLED FOR: –FEDERAL GOV’T TO PROVIDE RELIEF TO UNEMPLOYED –FEDERAL GOV’T TO TAKE OVER PROVINCIAL DEBT –PROVINCES GIVE UP FEDERAL SUBSIDY AND CERTAIN FORMS OF TAXATION (FEDS TO TAX INSTEAD) –PROVINCES TO RECEIVE ‘NATIONAL ADJUSTMENT GRANT’ ROWELL-SIROIS COMMISSION

QUEBEC’S DUPLESSIS SPEAKS FOR MOST PREMIERS WHEN HE REJECTS THE PLAN: –"A government with no control over its sources of revenue has only phantom powers, restricted by the interests of those who control, collect and distribute the public's funds. It is the government of an occupied country, of an enslaved people." MOST PROPOSALS REQUIRE PROVINCIAL ASSENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION MACKENZIE-KING SHELVED REPORT BUT IMPLEMENTED SOME PARTS WITH HIS POWERS UNDER THE WAR MEASURES ACT LEFT: MAURICE DUPLESSIS OF QUEBEC, RIGHT: MITCH HEPBURN OF ONTARIO