1. The Great Depression

2. Causes of the Depression
There were many reasons but most analysts agree that it was triggered by the stock market crash of October 24, 1929 also known as "Black Thursday".
Other causes:
1) Overproduction factories had previously produced too many goods which now could not be sold because there was no demand for these goods.
2) To protect their markets countries began to raise tariffs. Canadian industries, such as mining, wheat farming and pulp and paper, were especially hard hit since they depended on export sales to the United States. International trade slowed down.
3) A vicious cycle began, forcing companies to lay off employees, cut back on production or go bankrupt. This further decreased demand for goods. Prices and wages dropped
4) In Canada, the Prairies were hit with a drought i n 1930, which destroyed the wheat crop for several years

3. Economic Consequences
Canada's resource-based industries such as mining, forestry, and agriculture were very hard hit by shrinking markets and by drastic drops in prices.
Bankruptcies, factory closings and production cutbacks brought about high unemployment and reduced wages

4. Social Consequences
People lacked the money to buy basic items such as food, clothing and household goods.
Families unable to pay their rents and mortgages were evicted from their homes and farms.
People relied on savings and help from relatives.
Many men, both single and married, "rode the rails" across Canada in search of any kind of work

5. Political Consequences
As a result of the Depression, several new regional political parties were formed in Canada.
These parties proposed solutions to the economic and social problems which Canadians were facing.

6. The C.C.F. (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation)
founded in Saskatchewan by J.S. Woodsworth
called on federal government to nationalize banks, public utilities and natural resources
Advocated the abolition of the class system and privileges for the rich.
Proposed establishment of social security schemes such as minimum wage, accident and sickness insurance, old age pensions and unemployment insurance.

7. SOCIAL CREDIT founded in Alberta by William (Bible Bill) Aberhart
he called for government take over of banks and greater control of money supply
proposed that government should provide interest-free loans to families

8. Union Nationale
founded in Quebec by Maurice Duplessis from a coalition of the Action Liberale Nationale and the Conservative Party
called for economic reforms that would help Quebec overcome its problems
promoted traditional and conservative values of Catholic Church and rural life.

9. Federal Government’s Reaction to the Depression
As the depression worsened, government intervention was used to better the situation however the benefits were limited.
Federal, provincial and municipal governments hired unemployed men to work on public works projects (new roads, park and playground construction, street cleaning).
The federal government organized relief camps for single, unemployed young men who were paid a wage of 20 cents a day

10. Provincial Reaction to the Depression
Quebec provided direct aid in the form of coupons, which families could redeem for food, clothing and heating fuel.
Churches and charities set up soup kitchens and shelters, where destitute people could get assistance.
The Quebec government, with the support of the Catholic Church , encouraged families to move from the cities to colonize and to settle the Abitibi, Gaspésie and Cote Nord regions
This "back-to-the-land " movement failed because farms were isolated and located where the soil was poor and the growing season was short

11. Canadian “New Deal”
A Canadian "New Deal" was proposed by Prime Minister Bennett. It included:
the creation of the Bank of Canada in 1934 to control the money supply
federal government initiatives in the construction of roads and railways
the introduction of unemployment insurance and other forms of social security
the re-introduction of protective tariffs for the shoe and textile industries