MEIOSIS 11-4 Making gametes…

1. How many chromosomes would a sperm or an egg contain if either one resulted from the process of mitosis? 2. If a sperm containing 46 chromosomes fused with an egg containing 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would the resulting fertilized egg contain? Do you think this would create any problems in the developing embryo? 3. In order to produce a fertilized egg with the appropriate number of chromosomes (46), how many chromosomes should each sperm and egg have ? Interest Grabber 46 chromosomes = 92; a developing embryo would not survive if it contained 92 chromosomes. Sperm and egg should each have 23 chromosomes.

Planaria animation: Family Remember from Chapter 1: CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ALL LIVING THINGS __________ REPRODUCE

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Bacteria reproduce using __________________________________ Budding & regeneration are used by plants and animals to reproduce asexually (mitosis) Planaria animation: BINARY FISSION

BINARY FISSION & MITOSIS Produces cells that are __________ copies of parent cell identical

ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Can make offspring faster Don’t need a partner

DISVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ALL ALIKE Species CAN’T change and adapt One disease can wipe out whole population

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Combines genetic material from 2 parents (sperm & egg) so offspring are genetically __________ from parents DIFFERENT Family image from:

ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Allows for variation in population Individuals can be different Provides foundation for EVOLUTION Allow species adapt to changes in their environment

EGG + SPERM  If egg and sperm had same number of chromosomes as other body cells... baby would have too many chromosomes! Image by Riedell

MEIOSIS is the way… to make cells with ½ the number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction

Video 1 Click the image to play the video segment 11A. Video 1 Meiosis Overview

DIPLOID & HAPLOID Most cells have 2 copies of each chromosome = ______________ (one from mom; one from dad) All BODY (___________) cells are diploid DIPLOID2n HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES = SOMATIC

DIPLOID & HAPLOID Some cells have only one copy of each chromosome = _____________ All sperm and egg cells are haploid HAPLOID1n

MITOSIS Makes ___ cells genetically _________ to parent cell & to each other Makes ___ cells Makes __________ Used by organisms to: increase size of organism, repair injuries, replace worn out cells 2 identical 2n SOMATIC (body)

MEIOSIS Makes ____ cells genetically different from parent cell & from each other Makes _____ cells Makes ______________ Used for ____________ 4 1n Gametes (sperm & eggs) sexual reproduction

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 1.SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER (PROPHASE I) 2.SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT (ANAPHASE I) 3. Skip INTERPHASE II (NO S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT… ONLY COPIES DNA ONCE

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 1.Homologous chromosomes pair up during ________________ = ______________ SYNAPSIS Images modified from: This group of FOUR (4) chromatids is called a _________________ TETRAD PROPHASE I

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT? 1. Exchange of DNA between homologous pairs = _____________ during PROPHASE I CROSSING OVER Allows shuffling of genetic material

Video 5 Click the image to play the video segment. 11E Video 5 Crossing Over SEE CROSSING OVER ANIMATION

HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES Image modified by Riedell SAME SIZE SAME SHAPE CARRY GENES for the SAME TRAITS BUT ______________! (Don’t have to have the SAME CHOICES) NOT IDENTICAL

CROSSING OVER Image modified by Riedell Allows for_________________ in different combinations After crossing over, chromatid arms are________________ anymore rearranging of DNA NOT IDENTICAL

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 2. Separation during ANAPHASE I INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Separates gene choices and allows shuffling of genetic material SEGREGATION &

Video 4 Click the image to play the video segment 11D. Video 4 Segregation of Chromosomes

SEGREGATION (Anaphase I)

SEGREGATION & CROSSING OVER together make even more combinations See an animation

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT at ANAPHASE I Lots of different combinations are possible! This is why you don’t look exactly like your brothers and sisters even though you share the same parents!

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? Crossing over Segregation Independent assortment are ALL ways MEIOSIS results in =______________________________ So daughter cells are ______________ from parents and from each other different GENETIC RECOMBINATION

WHAT MAKES MEIOSIS DIFFERENT ? 3. Skip INTERPHASE II (No S) CELL DIVIDES TWICE, BUT … ONLY COPIES ITS DNA ONCE G1G1 G2G2 S   PM  A T C G1G1    MITOSIS: MEIOSIS:    SG2G2 PM ATC PM A TC ( I ) ( II )

Video 2 Click the image to play the video segment 11B. & C Video 2 Animal Cell Meiosis, Part 1 & Part 2

Go to Section: Meiosis I Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis

Go to Section: Meiosis I Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis Meiosis I

Go to Section: Meiosis I Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis Meiosis I

Go to Section: Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis Meiosis I

Go to Section: Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis Meiosis I

Go to Section: Meiosis II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis II

Go to Section: Meiosis II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis II

Go to Section: Meiosis II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis II

Go to Section: Meiosis II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis II

Go to Section: Meiosis II Meiosis I results in two haploid (N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original. Prophase IIMetaphase IIAnaphase IITelophase II The chromosomes line up in a similar way to the metaphase stage of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell. Meiosis II results in four haploid (N) daughter cells. Section 11-4 Figure Meiosis II

MITOSISMITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE INTERPHASE IMEIOSIS DNA is spread out as chromatin Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus visible DNA is copied during S phase Makes stuff new cell needs in G 2 SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE I DNA scrunches into chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear DNA scrunches into chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/spindle fibers appear Homologous pairs match up

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE I Chromosomes line up in middle with homologous partner

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE I APART: Chromatids split APART: Chromatids stay together Homologous pairs split

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE I See TWO nuclei Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus return DNA spreads out as chromatin Spindle/centrioles disappear SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS I Cytoplasm splits into 2 cells SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS INTERPHASE II DNA is spread out as chromatin Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus visible DNA is copied during S phase SKIP INTERPHASE II DNA NOT COPIED

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS PROPHASE PROPHASE II DNA scrunches into chromosomes Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus disappear Centrioles/ spindle fibers appear SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS METAPHASE METAPHASE II Chromosomes line up in middle SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS ANAPHASE ANAPHASE II Chromatids split and move apart SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS TELOPHASE TELOPHASE II Two nuclei Nuclear membrane/ nucleolus returns Centrioles/spindle fibers disappear DNA spreads out as chromatin SAME AS MITOSIS

MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS CYTOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS II Cytoplasm splits SAME AS MITOSIS

Ways Meiosis is different? Homologous pairs match up & trade DNA (SYNAPSIS & CROSSING OVER) in PROPHASE I SEGREGATION & INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT in Anaphase I create genetic recombination Skipping INTERPHASE II- (Dividing TWICE but copying DNA once) produces 1n cells

MAKING SPERM & EGGS

___________________= MAKING MATURE SPERM Mature & grow flagella SPERMATOGENESIS

Sperm provides DNA All the starting nutrients, organelles, molecule building blocks, etc. have to come from the egg.

POLAR BODIES Produces: 1 “good” egg 3 CYTOPLASM DIVIDES UNEVENLY __________________ = MAKING a MATURE EGG OOGENESIS

Sperm donates mostly DNA WHY MAKE ONLY ONE “GOOD” EGG? Most of the cell parts and nutrients needed for baby come from EGG!

“Self digest” Using ________________ POLAR BODIES DEGENERATE (DIE) LYSOSOMES = __________________ “cell suicide” for good of organism APOPTOSIS

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular functions and processes to specialized structures within cells. Cell life cycles Examples: somatic cells (mitosis), germ cells (meiosis) Storage and transfer of genetic information LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures, functions, classifications, and mechanisms found in living things

SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS 9-12.L.2.2. Students are able to describe how genetic recombination, mutations, and natural selection lead to adaptations, evolution, extinction, or the emergence of new species. LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change.

Core High School Life Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: predict the function of a given structure; predict the outcome of changes in the cell cycle; INTRODUCTION TO BE ABLE TO DO LATER predict how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: describe the relationship between structure and function compare and contrast the cell cycles in somatic and germ cells; INTRODUCTION TO BE ABLE TO DO LATER explain how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring; High school students performing at the BASIC level recognize that different structures perform different functions describe the life cycle of somatic cells; INTRODUCTION TO BE ABLE TO DO LATER identify that genetic traits can be transmitted from parents to offspring;

SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS Indicator 2: Analyze various patterns and products of natural and induced biological change L.2.1A. Students are able to predict the results of complex inheritance patterns involving multiple alleles and genes. (SYNTHESIS) Examples: human skin color, polygenic inheritance relate crossing over to genetic variation. LIFE SCIENCE: