Definition of Immunization Immunization Schedule Success of Immunization Assessment of Success Factors Influencing Success The Cold Chain
Non specific specific skin mucous membranes reflexes genetic sp. variation race anomalies acquired natural passive ( transplacental ) active ( disease ) artificial active toxoid live vacc killed vacc passive homologous Abs heterologous Abs Resistance Artificially acquired specific resistance
Vaccine: A suspension of attenuated live or killed microorganisms or antigenic portion of these agent presented to a potential host to induce immunity and prevent disease.
Toxoid : A modified bacterial toxin that has been made nontoxic but remains the capacity to stimulate the formation of antitoxin
Antitoxin : An antibody derived from the serum of animals from stimulation with specific antigen used to provide passive immunity
Definitions Immunoglobulin: An antibody-containing solution derived from human blood and used primary for maintenance of immunity of immunodeficient person or for passive immunization.
Attenuated strain of M.bovis. Site: intradermal. Safe in immunocompetent patient. 50 – 80%Protection against disseminated tuberculosis and tuberculus meningitis 50% protection against pulmonary tuberculosis in children and adults
IPV: trivalent inactivated poliovirus type 1,2 and 3 OPV : trivalent live attenuated poliovirus type 1,2 and 3 Protection against Poliomyelitis
Vaccine administration IPV = SC OPV = PO
DPT = diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined to a whole-cell pertussis. DTaP = diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined to a cellular pertussis vaccine DT = for children <7yrs with contraindication to pertussis Td = tetanus toxoid with1/3 -1/6 the dose of diphtheria toxoid for individuals >7yrs Site = IM
Consist of a capsular polysaccharide antigen conjugated to a carrier (doesn’t protect against the disease) Protection against bacteremia, pneumonia, and acute bacterial meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine
Routine use of these vaccine has lead to a 95% decline in invasive Hib disease in infancy and young children. Vaccine administration :IM
Indications: Routine All infant of HBsAg positive mother All children and adolescents not immunized High risk group: o Health workers. o Haemodialysis, bleeding disorders. o Travellers to endemic areas.
Introduction of pentavalent vaccine DPT Hepatitis B Hib
Live attenuated viruses. measles and mumps grown in chick embryo cell while rubella in human diploid cells. Monovalent measles vaccine, rubella vaccine and measles/rubella MR formulations are available. Vaccine administration: SC MMR
The varicella vaccine is a live (attenuated) virus administered to protect against chickenpox live (attenuated) viruschickenpox Given subcutaneously (under the skin). Two doses are always recommended
Quadrivalent (Serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y) MCV4 is administered intramuscularly. MCV4
Rota VV Live attenuated Given orally in 2 doses
Birth 2 mo 4 mo 6 mo 9 mo 12 mo 18 mo 24 mo School entry BCG DTaP 1 DTaP 2 DTaP 3 Measles 1 (mono) M 2 MR 1 DTaP B1 HepAV 2 DTaP B2 HepBV 1 HibV 1 HibV 2 HibV 3 OPV 4 HibV B OPV B2 IPV 1 IPV 2 IPV/OPV 3 OPV B1 M 4 MR 3 Varicella 2 HepBV 2 HepBV 3 HepBV 4 HepAV 1 PCV 1 PCV 2 PCV 3 PCV B /Td Rota MCV4 Varicella 1 M 3 MR 2 vaccineinformation.org
- Coverage - Seroconversion
- Parents - Staff - Vaccine KAP Availability Commitment Skill Efficacy Stability ( H.E. ) ( √ ) ( Selection ) ( Training ) ( Choice ) ( Cold Chain )
It is a temperature-controlled supply chain. It is a system of storage, transport and distribution of vaccines at a low temperature from manufacturer to the actual vaccination site. range Cold chain
Manufacturer Ground Transport AirportAirplane Airport Terminal Intermediate Stops& Transfers Distributor’s Warehouse Consumer Outlet Consumer Pharma / Biotech Cold Chain Destination
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