1. PRESENTED BY : 1. TAHSIN TASNIM ATASHI 2. SAMIHA ASHREEN 3. ZAREEN NAWAR

2. VACCINE A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides acquired immunity to a particular disease. The body’s immune system recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it and keep a record. The administration of vaccine is called vaccination.

3. HISTORY Edward Jenner 1796 Discovered small pox vaccine Louis Pasteur 1880 Discovered rabies vaccine

4. Emil von Behring 1890 Discovered the basis of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines Jonas Salk 1955 Discovered polio vaccines

5. PRODUCTION Antigen itself is generated Viruses are grown on primary cells Bacteria are grown in bioreactors Antigen is isolated after it is generated Viruses are to be inactivated or purified Finally vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers and preservatives

7. TYPES OF VACCINES Inactivated vaccine : This vaccines contain inactivated micro-organisms that are destroyed with chemicals, heat, radiation, or antibiotics. Ex: influenza, cholera, polio, hepatitis A, and rabies. Attenuated vaccine : These vaccines contain pathogen that are weakened but can multiply within the body and remain antigenic enough to induce a strong immune response. Ex: measles, rubella, mumps, polio etc.

8. Subunit vaccine: This type of vaccines contain a part of microorganism selected for its ability to stimulate a specific immune system. Ex: Hepatitis B Toxoid vaccine This type of vaccine is produced from bacteria that secrete toxins, or harmful chemicals. Ex: Diptheria, Tetanus etc. Conjugate vaccine: Researchers make this vaccine with a bacterium that possesses an outer coating of sugar molecules called polysaccharides. Ex: Haemophilus influenzae type B

9. Ways of Vaccination In two ways a vaccine can be introduce in the body. The ways are:  Intra-muscular vaccine  Oral vaccine

10. Intra-muscular Vaccine An intramuscular injection is a technique used to deliver medication deep into the muscles using an injection. Except one vaccine all other vaccines are introduced in the body in this way.

11. Oral Vaccine An oral vaccine is one that is taken by mouth and not injected into the muscles. It works like all other vaccine. Ex: Polio vaccine is one of the most important oral vaccine.

12. EFFECTIVENESS  Two doses of the vaccine are about 98% effective at preventing chickenpox.  The hepatitis B vaccine is safe and effective and is usually given as 3-4 shots over a 6-month period  Tdap should be given as a one-time booster is especially important for those in close contact with infants  There are two types of vaccine that protect against polio: Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV).

13.  MMR vaccine is the best way to protect children against measles, mumps and rubella and to prevent them from spreading the disease to pregnant women and their unborn babies.  BCG is used with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculosis and meningitis  HPV vaccines are recommended to protect against infection with the types of HPV (human papillomavirus) that cause HPV cancers and disease.

14. EFFECTS OF VACCINATION ALL OVER THE WORLD

15. ADVERSE EFFECTS Side effects vary according to vaccine types, but generally mild side effects may include : Pain, redness, tenderness or swelling at injection site Fatigue Fever and headache Itching at injection site Nausea Dizziness or fainting Mild rash

16. OPPOSITION Vaccination is opposed since some people believed they didn’t need vaccine believed that their immunity from infection was better than immunity from vaccination were worried about safety have religious issues have misconception about autism

17. VACCINATION IN BANGLADESH A total of 1.2 million deaths have been prevented More than 95 percent of infants receive BCG vaccine 63 percent of infants receive all antigens at the right time Elimination of neonatal diseases progressing well Elimination of polio by 2006 Reducing measles mortality near elimination

18. TRENDS Previously most vaccines were aimed at infants and children, but now adults are being targeted Combinations of vaccines are becoming more common; vaccines containing five or more components are used. Ex: Pentabio Are being designed to stimulate innate immune responses, as well as adaptive Attempts are being made to develop vaccines to help cure chronic infections Vaccines are being developed to defend against bioterrorist attacks such as anthrax and smallpox Scientists are now trying to develop synthetic vaccines

19. “ Vaccines help us to lead a healthy and beautiful life ”

20. “Thank You”