1. Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University-Gaza MB M ICRO B IOLOGY Dr. Abdelraouf A. Elmanama Ph. D Microbiology 2008 Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

2. 2008 Vaccine History Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18 th century) Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin Herd immunity results when most of a population is immune to a disease.

3. 2008 DtaP Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N. meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides conjugated with protein Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens conjugated with protein Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans

4. 2008 Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus Rabies: Inactivated virus Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus Measles: Attenuated virus Mumps: Attenuated virus Rubella: Attenuated virus Chickenpox: Attenuated virus Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine) Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans

5. 2008 Precipitation Reactions Involve soluble antigens with antibodies Figure 18.3

6. 2008 Agglutination Reactions Involve particulate antigens and antibodies Antigens may be: On a cell (direct agglutination) Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination) Figure 18.4

7. 2008 Antibody Titer Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen Figure 18.5

8. 2008 Hemagglutination Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs. Viral hemagglutination inhibition tests for antibodies by the antibodies' ability to prevent viruses from agglutinating RBCs. Figure 18.7

9. 2008 Neutralization Reactions Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin Figure 18.8b

10. 2008 Complement Fixation Figure 18.9.1

11. 2008 Complement Fixation Figure 18.9.2

12. 2008 Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct) Figure 18.10a

13. 2008 Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect) Figure 18.10b

14. 2008 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Direct ELISA) Figure 18.12a

15. 2008 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Indirect ELISA) Figure 18.12b

16. 2008 Serological Tests Figure 18.13

17. 2008 Serological Tests Direct tests detect antigens (from patient sample) Indirect tests detect antibodies (in patient's serum)

18. 2008 Serological Tests Agglutination: Particulate antigens Hemagglutination: Agglutination of RBCs Precipitation: Soluble antigens Fluorescent-antibody technique: Antibodies linked to fluorescent dye Complement fixation: RBCs are indicator Neutralization: Inactivates toxin or virus ELISA: Peroxidase enzyme is the indicator