CIJNS, TIJNS, ACCIJNS The relations between three tax terms in Middle Dutch and the formation of nasal vowels in Old French Pieter van Reenen Meertens.

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CIJNS, TIJNS, ACCIJNS The relations between three tax terms in Middle Dutch and the formation of nasal vowels in Old French Pieter van Reenen Meertens Institute / VU University Groningen

Distribution of TIJNS and CIJNS TIJNS CIJNS

Origin Late 4th century, Vulgate Matthew 17, 25: Reges terrae a quibus accipiunt tributum vel censum?

North Old Saxon: ± 825 Heliand vs 1195 tins

South Middle Dutch: Liège Diatesseron and Lives of Jesus: tsens Modern Dutch: Leiden translation of the Bible: cijns

Modern Standard Dutch: tijns/cijns However: Naarden translation of the Bible: accijns

TYNS from ZINS is "Gelehrte Entlehnung" in German TIJNS is a loan from Old Saxon, the ancester of Low German CENS is "mot savant" in French CIJNS is a loan from Old French

Charters Corpus-Van Reenen-Mulder CRM14 and Charters Corpus-Gysseling CG13 Tokens examined CIJNS, TIJNS, ASSISE/ACCIJNS

Spellings of TIJNS in CRM 14 Initial Consonants Vowels + n 338 x t 303 x ijn 14 x th 45 x in 4 x other

488 x c 392 x ch 239 x ts 59 x s 34 x tz 10 x tc 8 x tg 11 x other Spellings of CIJNS in CRM14 Initial consonants

Spellings of CIJNS in CRM14 Vowels +/- n absolute numbers +n -ntotal ijN eN eiN iN eyN ijeN ieN eeN

Spellings of CIJNS in CRM14 Vowels +/-n percentages +n -n ijN 76 % 24 % eN 97 % 3 % eiN 94 % 6 % iN 75 % 25 % eyN 6 % 94 % ijeN 6 % 94 % ieN 38 % 62 % eeN 44 % 56 %

CIJNS comes from Old French CENS: cens/chens, cense/chense chc tijns

CIJNS is also influenced by TIJNS tijns cijns with ij cijns with e

CIJNS is also influenced by ASSISE when losing its -n- in sise, cise, tsijs etc. ▲

Digression ASSISE --> ACCIJNS Not enough tokens to Produce a map of ASSISE. Instead map with area where sins, sise with initial s- occurs S-

CIJNS is also influenced by a development in Old French: the formation of nasal vowels in words such as cense, penser, danse, which are no longer always spelled with -s- Forms such as censse, pensser, dansse occur from 1246 on: -ss- in order to make clear a voiceless pronunciation

tokens % tokens % -s- -ss- before

ceyse

ceyse + sise sise

A short history of CIJNS, TIJNS, ASSISE/ACCIJNS in Middle Dutch on the basis of token frequencies geographical maps and the connection of CIJNS with nasal vowels in Old French

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