1. 1 The letters: “ Cc+ Gg” The letter Cc Definition : It has been the 3 rd letter of alphabet since Semitic times. It’s name in English spelled “cee” plural “cees”. In the Roman alphabet, It has developed its right –facing curve History points: C = G or g. Semitc “gimel”.

2. 2 The sign: a “ staff sting” = meaning of the name gimel. It depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was “gamal”. Shape: page 60 In Greek it’s shape was first 1 then Γ (Gamma).GreekΓ In the earliest Latin inscriptions: C, K, Q the sounds K, G During the 3 rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for g and c itself retained for k. ______________________________________________________________ Pronunciation: As in Greek gamma: a voiced sound

3. 3 However…. When the Roman Alphabet was introduced into Brittan, C represented only “K “, and also in the Anglo Saxon. For instance the words: broken, seek OE were written brocen, and seoc. C entered Old English with both this “hard” value, as in king ( originally spelled cyning) and with a palatalized value \ \ as in child ( originally spelled cild). Under the French influence, the letter also developed a “soft” value \s\ before e and i (cell, city). Other sounds include \ \ like ( special) and silence like ( muscle). Roman Times: a voiceless velar plosive \k\

4. 4 The Old English cw- was also at length displaced by the French qw, qu, so that the Old English cwén, cwic, became Middle English qwen, quen, qwik, quik, now queen, quickMiddle English In English, French, Spanish and Portuguese, C takes the "hard" value [k] finally and before A, O, and U, and a "soft" value before E and I.FrenchSpanishPortuguese In some words the letter c is doubled like: occur…

5. 5 The letter Gg. Definition : It is the seventh letter in basic modern Latin alphabet. It’s name in English is spelled “ gee”. History points: C symbol = the voiced velar plosive \g\. Time: 4 th century BC ( Latin alphabet) The new letter was a simple adaptation of that, adding a small cross-bar. The Lower –case form had many changes until it got It’s last shape “g”. see the chart page 61.

6. 6 The modern lower case g:lower case 1)1) the single-story (sometimes opentail) g. This “open g” often found in handwriting. 2)2) the double-story (sometimes looptail) 3) g. This version became popular when printing switched to "Roman type" because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to put more lines on a page. ______________________________________________________Roman type Pronunciation: G is found as both “hard “ sound, the velar plosive (go) and a “ soft “ sound /d ʒ / before e, i and y as in age, gin, gym… Frequent doubling: “ egg, bigger…” Silent: foreign, high… Classical Arabic did not have plain / ɡ / in its native words, Foreign words containing / ɡ / are transcribed using غ (ġayn) (most Arab countries) or ج (jīm) (Egypt ). Classical Arabicġaynjīm Several digraphs are common in English. GH originally represented the letter yogh, and has a great variety of values, including /f/ in enough, / ɡ / in spaghetti, as an indicator of a letter's "long" pronunciation in words like eight and night. GN, with value /n/, is also common, as in sign.digraphsGHyogh

7. 7 Classical Arabic did not have plain / ɡ / in its native words, Foreign words containing / ɡ / are transcribed using غ (ġayn) (most Arab countries) or ج (jīm) (Egypt ). Classical Arabicġaynjīm Several digraphs are common in English. GH originally represented the letter yogh, and has a great variety of values, including /f/ in enough, / ɡ / in spaghetti, as an indicator of a letter's "long" pronunciation in words like eight and night. GN, with value /n/, is also common, as in sign.digraphsGHyogh