The Dynamic Earth Chapter 3

Layers of the Earth Hydrosphere Atmosphere Geosphere

The Geosphere Chapter 1, Section 1

The Composition of Earth The upper and lower crust, the mantle, and the core Core – Earth’s innermost compositional layer

Earthquake An earthquake is the vibrations of the Earth’s crust caused by slippage along a fault The energy released by an earthquake occurs in the form of seismic waves

Volcanoes A mountain built from magma – melted rock – that rises from the Earth’s interior to the surface Most are located around the Pacific Rim

Which of the following does NOT both remove and add gases to the atmosphere? Plants Animals Automobiles Volcanic Eruptions

Wind and Water Erosion Likely to effect: mountains, beaches, soil, soft rocks Not Likely to effect: tides

The Atmosphere Chapter 1, Section 2

Layers of Atmosphere Troposphere – Nearest Earth’s surface The densest atmospheric layer Where all of Earth’s weather occurs Stratosphere – O-Zone layer Mesosphere – Coldest layer of atmosphere Thermosphere – Where nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation The topmost layer Ionosphere – the lower Thermosphere

Greenhouse Gasses GREENHOUSE gases in the atmosphere, including WATER VAPOR, trap radiated heat and help maintain surface air temperature

Surface Currents Surface currents in the ocean can influence CLIMATES OF land areas they flow past because they CARRY WARMER OR COLDER WATER GREAT DISTANCES

Mechanisms of Energy Transfer Radiation – The transfer of energy across space Conduction – The flow of heat from a warmer object to a colder object when the objects are placed in direct physical contact Convection – The transfer of heat by air currents

The Hydrosphere and Biosphere Chapter 3, Section 3

Hydrosphere Includes all of the water on or near Earth’s surface What about the water below Earth’s surface? There are two types of water: salt water and fresh water, in which salt water obviously contains more salt

The Water Cycle The continuous movement of water into the air, onto land, and then back to water Evaporation – the process in which liquid water is heated by the sun and then rises into the atmosphere as water vapor Condensation – water vapor that forms droplets on dust particles Precipitation – rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls from clouds

Aerosols Aerosols are tiny, liquid droplets found in the atmosphere

World Ocean A single, large, interconnected body of water that covers 70% of Earth’s surface

Ocean Layers Surface Zone, Thermocline, and Deep Zone The DEEP ZONE of ocean is from base of thermocline to the bottom of the ocean

What drives the ocean surface currents? Tectonic plates Gravity Salinity Wind

Deepest Ocean The four main oceans are the Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, and the Pacific The deepest ocean is the Pacific Called the Challenger Deep 11,033 m below sea level

Thermocline Boundary between warm and cold water in ocean or lake

Where is most of the World’s fresh water? Only ~3% of the world’s water is fresh water Most of the world’s fresh water is found in the ice caps and glaciers

Tributaries Tributaries are smaller streams or rivers that flow into larger ones

Recharge Zone Land surface area where water enters an aquifer

Pack Ice Forms when frozen seawater is driven together by wind and waves

Picture References Listed in order that they appear http://www-bprc.mps.ohio- state.edu/education/rr/index.php?activity=layers_of_the_ea rth http://www.thebestlinks.com/Cascadia_Earthquake.html http://www.greendiary.com/entry/q13-how-does-a-super- volcano-blow-up-to-cover-an-entire-continent-with-ash http://www.flickr.com/photos/benwhitlock/307834571/ http://history.nasa.gov/NP-119/p71.htm http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/images/ocp2003/ocpfy2003- fig5-1.htm http://www.gdargaud.net/Antarctica/WinterDC3.html http://homepage.risd41.org/kreimers/stories/storyReader$ 14 http://www.news.com/2300-11397_3-6126409-5.html http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/shorewood/tributary.htm