1. Chapter 2

3. The Earth consists of Rock, water air and living things that all interact with each other

4. Biosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Geosphere

5. Geosphere
The Geosphere consists of all rock (solid and liquid) as well as the soils ON THE Earth’s surface
Most of the Geosphere is located in the earths interior.
It is km from one side of the geosphere to the other if you go through the center of the Earth.

7. Layers Based on Composition (or Chemistry)
Crust – Outermost layer made of lightweight materials
Mantle – The in-between layer made up of dense iron rich materials
Core – The inner most layer composed of dense iron and nickle

8. Layers Based on Physical Characteristics
Lithosphere – Cool outermost layer divided into tectonic plates
Asthenosphere – A pliable solid layer (much like warm plastic) that flows very slowly
Mesosphere – The middle layer
Outer Core – Outer shell of the Earths core (liquid)
Inner Core – 4,000 to 5,400 degrees Celsius and solid due to the emormous pressure that is being applied to it. (this creates the Earths magnetic Field that protects us from charged particles being produced by the Sun.

9. Plate Tectonics
The lithosphere is divided into pieces called plate tectonics that glide across the asthenosphere like ice on a pond.
Some major plates are:
North American Plate
South American Plate
African Plate
Eurasian Plate

10. Plate Tectonics
Much of the geologic activity at the surface of the Earth takes place at these plate boundaries. This is due to plates colliding and slipping past on another. Examples: Volcaoes Earthquakes Mountain Building

11. Mount Everest

13. Volcanoes Global Effects:
Can propel ash and sulfur rich gases into the upper atmosphere.
This can block out sunlight and lower global temperatures
Volcanoes

14. Weathering and Erosion
On the Earths Surface Rocks are altered by other forces:
Weathering (chemical and Mechanical) – wearing down of rocks over time.
Erosion (wind and water) – the transportation of materials from one area to another

15. Atmosphere
A mixture of Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases that surrounds the Earth

16. Atmosphere
The atmosphere is in flux as gases are being added and removed constantly by living and nonliving factors

17. Atmospheric Composition
78% Nitrogen from Volcanoes and organic decay
21% Oxygen from photosynthesis
Trace amounts of Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Methane, Water Vapor and a variety of others

18. Air Pressure The atmosphere is pulled to the Earth by gravity
The higher you go into the atmosphere the less dense the air becomes. Most of the molecules are within 30km of the Earths surface

20. Layers of the Atmosphere
Joe Kittinger

21. 4 Atmospheric layers based on temperature change.
Thermosphere (Highest)
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere (Lowest)
The atmosphere becomes less dense the farther you travel from Earth.

22. Troposphere Troposphere Lowest level Most dense
Where most weather occures
Where most life exists

23. Stratosphere
Above the troposphere
Ozone Layer is present

24. Mesosphere
Above the stratosphere
Coldest Layer

25. Thermosphere The highest layer The least dense layer
Hottest Layer (but you wouldn’t know it)
Auroras take place here in an area of the thermosphere called the ionosphere

26. Energy in the Atmosphere
Energy from the sun is transferred through the atmosphere in 3 ways:
Radiation
Conduction
Convection

27. Radiation - the transfere of energy as electromagnetic waves
Conduction – the movement of energy in the form of heat when two things are placed in direct contact with each other
Convection – the movement of matter due to differences in density
that are caused by
temperature
variations; can
result in the
transfer of energy
in the form of
heat

28. Greenhouse Effect
Some of the gases in our atmosphere (greenhouse gases) can trap heat. Some of the most abundant of these are water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane.
Linked to Climate change
Needed for life to exist on Earth

29. Greenhouse Effect

30. Hydrosphere

31. Hydrosphere Water cycle: Consists of three major processes:
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation

32. Hydrosphere Earth’s Oceans – 70% of the Earth is covered
by 1 interconnected
“world ocean”
More than 70% of Earth is covered in water.
97% of it is Salt water
and 3% Fresh water

33. Surface water – ponds, lakes, and streams
2/3 or 66% of Freshwater is in our ice caps.
As our ice caps melt our freshwater decreases and our saltwater increases.
Surface water – ponds, lakes, and streams
Groundwater - aquifers

35. Surface Zone – Warm top layer
Thermocline – water in this layer drops faster with increased depth then other zones
Deep Zone – Temperature in this zone averages 2 degrees Celsius.

36. The Ocean as a Temperature Moderator
One of the most important functions of the ocean is to absorb and store energy from sunlight and regulate the temperature of the Earths atmosphere

37. Surface Currents – Wind created
Deep Currents – created by the differences created by cold dense water and warm less dense water

38. 1.4 The Biosphere Anywhere that life can and is supported.
It is 20 km thick

39. Spheres Interact
Lithosphere interacts with the Hydrosphere when toxins from a factory run off into a water system and poison fish in a body of water
Hydrosphere interacts with the Atmosphere when water evaporates and forms clouds
Atmosphere interacts with the Lithosphere when acid rain falls and dissolves limestone

40. This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories:
An ecosystem service is the role that ecosystems play in creating a healthful environment for humans.
 This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories:
Provisioning - such as the production of food and water
 Regulating - such as the control of climate and disease
 Supporting - such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination
Cultural - such as spiritual and recreational benefits.