The Biological Perspective Chapter 2 Ciccarelli and Meyer

Overview of the Nervous System Neuroscience Nervous System (Figure 2.1) Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Plasticity Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Division Sympathetic Division Somatic Nervous System Three Functions of the Nervous System Next

Three Functions of the Nervous System Return

Structure of the Neuron Biological Psychology/Behavioral Neuroscience General Cell Structure Neurons are Specialized Cells -Definition of Neuron -Three Types of Neurons 1) Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons) 2) Interneurons 3) Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)

Parts of a Neuron Parts of a Neuron Soma Dendrites Axon Neurons in the Body Neurilemma Glial Cells Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells (Nodes of Ranvier) Astrocytes Microglia Nerves

Image of a Neuron Return

Central Nervous System: The Reflex Arc Return

Basic Structure of a Cell RETURN

Generating the Message Within the Neuron Ionic Solution Resting Potential Action Potential All or none Video

Sending the message to other cells: The Synapse Axon Terminals Synaptic Knob Synaptic Vesicles Neurotransmitters Synaptic Gap or Synapse Receptor Sites How do Neurotransmitters get across the synapse Video

Neurotransmitters, Messengers of the Network Agonists/ Antagonists Acetylcholine Glutamate GABA Serotonin Dopamine Neural regulators/ Neural Peptides/ Endorphins

Agonist for GABA GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that results in calming anxiety If a person has anxiety and they are given Diazepam, an agonist for GABA What happens to someone who takes diazepam

Answer The person becomes calm and the anxiety is reduced.

Antagonist for Norephinephrine Norepinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in arousal (wakefulness) If a patient has excessive arousal and presents with difficulty sleeping and they are given an antagonist for norepinephrine what happens?

Answer They are able to sleep return

Cleaning up the Synapse: Reuptake and Enzymes Acetylcholine Enzymatic Degradation SSRI

The Central Nervous System: The Central Processing Unit The Brain The Spinal Cord Neuroplasticity Stem Cells

Figure 2.6- The Spinal Cord Reflex Reflex Arc RETURN

Superman Return

Looking Inside the Living Brain Lesioning Studies Brain Stimulation Invasive techniques Noninvasive techniques Mapping Structure Mapping Function

From the Bottom Up: Structures of the Brain The Hindbrain The Brain Stem Medulla Pons The Reticular Formation Raphe Nuceli Cerebellum Alcohol Alcohol 2

Structures under the cortex: Limbic System Thalamus Hypothalamus Hippocampus Amygdala Cingulate Cortex

Cortex Lobes Association Areas Cerebral Hemispheres

4 Lobes of the Cortex Occipital Lobes Parietal Lobes Temporal Lobes Frontal Lobes Mirror Neurons

Association Areas of the Cortex Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area Spatial Neglect

Cerebral Hemispheres Split Brain Research Sex Differences Left Hemispheres Right Hemispheres Controls the right hand Controls the left hand Spoken language Nonverbal Written language Visual-spatial perception Mathematical calculations Music and artistic processing Logical thought processes Emotional thought and recognition Analysis of detail Processes the whole Reading Pattern recognition/facial recogniiton

Applying Psychology to Everyday Life ADHD 3 Diagnostic Specifications 1) ADHD, predominantly hyperactive 2) ADHD, predominantly inattentive 3) ADHD, combined type Brain Areas involved Prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cortical structures, cerebellum, corpus callosum Causes

The Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System Sensory Pathway Motor Pathway

Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division

Distant Connections: The Endocrine Glands Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Pancreas Gonads Adrenal

Psychology in the News Myths Sources

Sex Differences Mental Process Male Female Emotional Expression Right Both Sides Visual/Spatial Perception Left Both Sides Vocabulary/Definitions Left Both Sides Grammar/Language Mechanics Left Left Front Hand Movements Left Left Front Return

Neuronal Transmission