Organic Chemistry Chapter 22

Organic Chemistry  All organic compounds contain carbon atoms, but not all carbon-containing compounds are classified as organic.  examples: Na 2 CO 3, CO, and CO 2 are considered inorganic.  Organic compounds can be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides

Common Elements in Organic Compounds

Organic Prefixes Number of CarbonsPrefix 1Meth- 2Eth- 3Prop- 4But- 5Pent- 6Hex- 7Hept- 8Oct- 9Non- 10Dec-

Diversity Due to Carbon  The diversity of organic compounds results from the uniqueness of carbon’s structure and bonding.  Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to form long chains and rings of covalently bonded atoms.

Alkanes  All single covalent bonds  saturated hydrocarbons because they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule  The smallest alkanes are gases, the largest are solids. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the higher the boiling point.  General Formula = C n H 2n+2 CH 4 C2H6C2H6 C3H8C3H8 methane ethane propane

Cycloalkanes  Alkanes whose carbon atoms are joined in rings

Alkenes  Have at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond  Are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain the at least one double bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.  General Formula = C n H 2n C2H4C2H4 C3H6C3H6 ethenepropene

Alkynes  Have at least one carbon-to-carbon triple bond  unsaturated hydrocarbons because they contain the at least one triple bond preventing the carbons to be completely saturated with hydrogen atoms.  General Formula = C n H 2n-2 C2H2C2H2 C3H4C3H4 ethyne propyne

Structural isomers : molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures STRUCTURAL ISOMERS EXAMPLE: Both molecules below have the formula of C 4 H 10

How many structural isomers does pentane, C 5 H 12, have? CCCC C HHHHH H HHHHH H CCC C HCH 3 HH H HHHH H CC C H H H HH H

Functional Groups  Functional groups are specific chemical formulas that are bonded to a hydrocarbon.  Each group exhibits specific chemical characteristics.  The hydrocarbon is indicated by the letter “R”.

Alcohols  Molecule with an –OH group attached to a carbon atom  General formula is R-OH

Common products that contain alcohols Rubbing Alcohol Hair Gel Cough Medicine

 Contains 1 oxygen atom  One oxygen atom is bonded to two carbon chains, one on each end  Name ends in “ether”  General formula:Example: ETHER Dimethyl Ether

Common products that contain ethers Starter Fluid Anise Seed used for bread and cookies Some Cosmetics

 Contains 2 oxygen atoms  One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom  Name ends in “ic acid”  General formula:Example: O CARBOXYLIC ACID Ethanoic acid R C OH

Carboxylic Acids  General Formula = R-COOH

Common products that contain carboxylic acids Some Fruits Vinegar Coconut

 Contains 2 oxygen atoms  One oxygen atom is double bonded to a carbon atom and a second oxygen is single bonded to the same carbon atom  Name ends in “oate”  General formula:Example: O ESTER Methyl ethanoate R C OR’

Common products that contain esters Bananas Flowers Oranges