ECON 3508 Autumn 2015 Introduction to Economic Development ECON 3508 Autumn 2015 Introduction to Economic Development The Millennium Development Goals, , and Sustainable Development Goals, Arch RitterOctober 5, 2015

See: UNDP. The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2015, hyperlink: 15%20rev%20(July%201).pdf 15%20rev%20(July%201).pdf International Council for Science, Review of Targets for the Sustainable Development Goals: The Science Perspective for-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-science-perspective- 2015/SDG-Report.pdf for-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-science-perspective- 2015/SDG-Report.pdf for-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-science-perspective- 2015/SDG-Report.pdf

Introduction: UN Millennium Declaration (UN September 2000.) committed its signatories to strive to  reduce poverty,  improve health,  promote peace,  improve Human Rights, and  improve the environment. Specific measurable targets, to be achieved by 2015; Most OECD and lower income countries were signatories

A Focus on the Neediest Countries is given top priority. This included: – –38 countries in Africa, –4 in East Asia/Pacific; –2 in South Asia; – 6 Arab States; –4 Latin American and Caribbean States, and –5 in East Europe.

How can they escape their poverty traps? This is easy to state but hard to implement. Included in the relevant policy areas are Investing in human development; Helping small farmers raise their productivity and thence their incomes; Investment in infrastructure in lagging areas; Promote non-traditional and especially small- scale enterprise (informal sector ) Emphasize social equity and strengthen the “voice” of marginalized peoples (aboriginal peoples, rural peoples, and women and girls in some countries.) Environmental Sustainability

Millennium Development Goals and Targets for 2015 – –Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger Target 1: 50% reduction in extreme poverty (Income below $1.00 per day.) Target 2: 50% reduction in hunger. – –Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 3: 100% coverage for primary education for Males and Females – –Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Target 4: Eliminate gender disparities in education. – –Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Target 5 : reduce it by 67%.

–Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health Target 6: reduce it by 75%. –Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases Target 7: Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by Target 8: Halt and reduce incidence of Malaria and other major diseases. –Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Target 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe water. Target 10: Incorporate Sustainable Development practices in all policies and programs’

–Goal 8: A Global Partnership for Development Target 12: Open rule-based International trading and financial systems’ Target 13: Special treatment for the poorest countries re trade, debt, technology transfer Target 14: Special treatment for remote and land- locked countries. Target 14: Debt relief where needed. Target 15: Special access to pharmaceuticals for poorest countries. Target 18: Special access to IT for poorest countries

Implementing the Millennium Development Goals and Targets For Low Income Countries: –focus on general poverty reduction and meeting “Basic Human Needs” –emphasize achievable goals and implementable policies; –focus on resource mobilization For Middle Income Developing Countries: –focus efforts on intractable pockets of poverty For International Financial institutions (IFIs): –put the Millennium Goals at the centre of their analytical, advisory, and financing activities; –support effective policy making in developing countries.

For Donor Countries: –developing countries should “own” their strategies for meeting the millenium goals, but with support from donor countries; –more and better utilized aid; –trade liberalization for exports of interest to developing countries; –end protectionist subsidies Note: the world failed in this endeavour at the Doha Round of trade negotiations For NGOs: –participate in the design of strategies, participate in implementation as appropriate –serve as “watchdogs” re target and goal fulfillment.

Evaluation of MDG Approach 1. Are targets and goals realistic? I s it too ambitious? (NO) 2. Focus on measurable targets is laudable for focusing energies. 3. Emphasis on poorest countries is appropriate;

4. Will the focus on these targets lead to improvements or deformations of national objectives?(Improvements!) 5. Will the MD approach help improve coordination among donors, IFIs and national governments? (YES) 6. Little is actually said re. Governance, despite its importance for the high priority countries. 7. Implementation: need for secondary and higher education is ignored

MDG Goals and Achievement: Poverty

MDG Goals and Achievement: Education

Gender disparity is measured by the ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and secondary schools. Most regions are on track to achieve this target by MDG Goals and Achievement: Gender Disparities

MDG Goals and Achievement: Maternal Mortality

MDG Goals and Achievement: Child Mortality

AIDS/HIV

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) United Nations General Assembly Sustainable Development Summit, United Nations General Assembly Sustainable Development Summit, 25 September 2015, World leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and tackle climate change, all by 2030.

THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) [Open Hyperlinks for UNDP details] SDG 1: No poverty SDG 2: Zero hunger SDG 3: Good health and well-being SDG 4: Quality education SDG 5: Gender equality SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth SDG 9: Industry, innovation, infrastructure SDG 10: Reduced inequalities SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities SDG 12: Responsible consumption, production SDG 13: Climate action SDG 14: Life below water SDG 15: Life on land SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions ne

Questions re the 2030 SDG Agenda A generalized “Development” agenda, for growth, equity and sustainability! Totally laudable. Acieved consensus of all countries! But, 1. What are the “real priorities” among all the priorities? 2. Is the agenda too unfocussed and all-inclusive to achieve strong results? 3. Is it too ambitious?

Questions re the 2030 SDG Agenda 4. Should there be a focus on the extremely marginalized (alcoholics, druggie drop-outs, disabled mentally and physically? 5. What about Governance? How can failed states or countries with weak governance achieve the SDG goals? 6. Can it in fact focus the energies of nations, IFIs and NGOs as well as the MDG Agenda did?

SDG Site: MDG Web Site: MDG Global Monitoring Report, /English2012.pdf 012/English2012.pdf Another MDG Site –