With Carrots and Sticks: An Overview of Authoritarian Rule in the Middle East
Prevalence of authoritarian states Longevity of authoritarian states and their rulers
A map of freedom in the world 2004, from Freedom House’s annual report. Dark blue= “not free”; yellow= “partially free”; green equals “free”.
President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, Muammar Qaddafi of Libya,
King Hussein of Jordan, King Hussein with son (later king) Abdullah Young King Hussein greeting soldiers
Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran (and son), President Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia, Saddam Hussein of Iraq, ruling from
Different types of regimes Single-party autocracies –Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq (until 2003), Syria, Algeria* Monarchies and dynasties –Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Morocco, Kuwait, UAE Democracies and semi-democracies –Yemen, Lebanon, Turkey, Pal. Authority, Israel –Islamic theocracy (Iran)
How Authoritarian Rulers Maintain Power: A Short List #1- Make Socio-political Alliances #2- Take good care of your citizenry #3- When necessary, wage war with an external or imagined enemy #4- Co-opt potential opposition #5-Invent tradition and Use Spectacle #6-Spread Fear and Suppress Dissent