2. Last class Strategies for Consolidating Power Cases: Turkey, Iran, Egypt Today  Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon in brief (see readings for comprehensive treatment)  A Typology of Government Systems  Video Tomorrow – Arab-Israeli Wars

3. Iraq before Saddam  Hashemite Monarchy  Problems in the 1950s  Qasim’s coup in 1958  Baath Party takes power in 1963  Arif brothers  Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr  Saddam takes power in 1979

4. Syria before Asad  Legacy of French Mandate  Parliamentary system and political parties  Military intrusion  Michel Aflaq and Syrian Ba’athism  Hafez al-Asad takes power in 1970

5. Jordan after Abdullah  Assassination of King Abdullah in 1951  Hussein takes power – coup attempts, assassination attempts, and internal war with the PLO in 1970  Martial Law in 1957  US support under Eisenhower doctrine

6. Lebanon  Liberal economic policies – strong financial sector and cultural expression  Consociationalism (sectarian pluralism) – the institutionalization of religious identities in politics  Za’im system – localized, regional sectarian interests with individual representatitive  Establishment of Regional sectarian organizations  the Phalange (Gamayel)  Progressive Socialists (Jumblatt)  Muslims calling for new census due to demographic changes  1958 Civil War

7. Possible Typology 4 groups: Nationalist Revolutionary Republics Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia Monarchies Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Gulf States Conditional Democracies Turkey, Israel, Lebanon Islamic States Iran, Sudan

8. Nationalist Revolutionary Republics Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia Single-party rule Exposure to intellectual currents of European state consolidation Nationalism, some political liberalism, socialism Soviet Union as capable model of dealing with challenges European countries were seen as primary culprits of colonialism, US emphasized anti-communism > support of liberal democracy. Political left (esp. socialist organizations) were most active at opposing colonialism  character of nationalism Strong, centralized, bureaucratic state -- Secularization - Western legal systems installed as opposed to indigenous or religious legal codes (shari’a for personal status issues) Single-party dominance (often masked by multi-partism) Personalistic Systems - Syria, Libya, Iraq, with dictatorial rulers and legislative bodies

9. Monarchies Jordan, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Gulf States Government ruled by a single person, power passed down hereditarily, separate from all other members of the state ABSOLUTE vs CONSTITUTIONAL (limited) More robust after 1950s and 60s when monarchies were not durable Economic strength (oil rents) in many of the monarchies allows consolidation of power through patronage and cooption All have aligned with the West (Cold War Balance of Power) Bahrain, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman have same ruling family for more than two-hundred years! Arab kingship not like Europe – gained legitimacy through capable leadership, few institutionalized succession processes, competition among successors  produces strong kings

10. Conditional Democracies Turkey, Israel, Lebanon Elected president and legislature checked by military, religious authorities, or institutionalized confessional appointments Turkey Kurds Expression restricted Israel Most open political system Jewish character of the state (confronts balancing secular and religious like other ME states) No written constitution, but ‘basic laws‘ Arab Israelis Lebanon Parliamentary republic Confessional system

11. Islamic States Iran and Sudan Pahlavi regime overthrown by Khomeini Creation of Islamic Republic Shari’a Law and conservative social norms Supreme authority in the hands of religious council w/ Supreme Leader (Khamenei) at the very top Also secular structures of modern state Not a model of religious totalitarian state due to limits of religious authorities’ involvement in governance (esp. over administering public projects and services – division of labor)