© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Indicators on Quality of Employment Availability, relevance and recommendations from the German point of view Seminar of the Task Force on Quality of Employment Geneva, October 2009

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 2 Agenda How did it work ? Experience with the indicators Missing groups Possible new indicators Conclusions

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 3 How did it work? 30 proposed indicators (Basis: List provided on 10 August 2009) 2 not available at all 1 not fully available 5 available in a similar definition only Other possible and new indicators Child labour: no data available Child labour: data available for children aged years Average weekly earnings Paid leave Sick leave Collective wage bargaining Dimension 1c 4 indicators Dimension 2 1 indicator Dimension 3a 1 indicator Dimension 7 8 indicators outcome in Germany: 48 indicators

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 4 How did it work? II Sources used: Labour Force Survey (LFS) European Structure of Earnings Survey (SES) European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) National Labour Office National Accounts Volume of Labour Accounts (national estimation on hours worked)

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 5 Report on selected indicators Sub-Dimensions Fair Treatment Non-wage Pecuniary Benefits Part-time Employment in Germany Balancing Working and Non-working Life Lifelong Learning Workplace Relationships

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 6 Sub-Dimension was cancelled as it was decided to analyse all indicators by population groups Gender and Age easily available Immigrants partly available for non- nationals Ethnic minorities minor relevance in Germany Indigenous population minor relevance in Germany Persons with disabilities only little information available Recommendation  find some more specific indicators on fair treatment in employment Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of Employment Fair treatment in employment

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 7 Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of Employment Results for some indicators on fair treatment Employed women as a share in total employment43.2% 46.0% Occupational segregation by sex42.9% 38.9% Occupational segregation by citizenship % Female share of employment in managerial and total employment ISCO 1 administrative occupations (ISCO 1) 1.9 % 26.2 % Recommendation  keep (some) special indicators on fair treatment in employment Fair treatment in employment

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 8 Dimension 2: Income and Benefits Non wage pecuniary benefits Paid annual leave  100% of the employees are by law entitled to paid annual leave  No data available on used paid annual leave  But on average number of days per employee (two sources: SES and IAB volume of labour accounts) Source: SES 2006 and IAB Volume of Labour Accounts 2006

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 9 Dimension 2: Income and Benefits Non wage pecuniary benefits Sick leave  100% of the employees are by law entitled to paid sick leave  No data available on used sick leave but  on average number of days per employee  on number of employees in sick leave during a specific period (Source: IAB volume of labour accounts) Source: IAB Volume of Labour Accounts 2006

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 10 Dimension 2: Income and Benefits Non wage pecuniary benefits Problems: - SES results: only available for enterprises in NACE C to O, not L with more than 10 employees - no weekly earnings available (only hourly or monthly) - Volume of Labour Accounts are based on several sources. It is questionable whether similar accounts exist in (all) other countries. Recommendation  give clear definitions on the indicators  include the Gender Pay Gap as an indicator

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 11 Dimension 3: Working Hours 25% work in part-time employment Indicators on - income and benefits (Dimension 2) - hours worked (Dimension 3) show low figures for Germany because they are calculated regarding total employment.  clear definition which groups to use for calculation Part-time employment – a German problem? total employment full-timepart-timefull-time equivalent not comparable  Comparable* Comparable* Comparable * If harmonised definition of part-time is used

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 12 Dimension 3: Working Hours Part-time employment in Europe

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 13 Dimension 3: Working Hours Definitions of part-time Source: German LFS hours 30 hours 31 hours 32 hours 35 hours self-declared status Point for discussion: 20 hours as a definition of a typical side job? 25.7 % 25.9 % 26.7 % 31.5 % 25.9 % 17.5 %

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 14 Dimension 3: Working Hours Reasons for working part-time Source: German LFS 2008 “Involuntary“ part-time Involuntary covers only „could not find full-time job“ other reasons will not always be „voluntary“ e.g. - Looking after children or incapacitated adults - Other personal or family reasons Reference is made to the main reason only

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 15 Dimension 3: Working Time Arrangements Flexible work schedules Share of employees in flexible work schedules Very high relevance Comparability: European wide Problems: available in LFS ad hoc-Module 2004 only Source: LFS ad hoc-module 2004

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 16 Dimension 3: Working Hours and Working Time Arrangements Problems: Lack of harmonised definition of part-time “Involuntary“ part-time rate might be misleading Flexible Work Schedules are only asked in ad hoc- Modules Recommendations  give a definition for part-time employment  discuss “involuntary” part-time  Include questions on flexible work schedules as standard LFS variables

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 17 Dimension 4: Security of Employment and Social Protection Problems: Indicators depend very much on institutional and legal context Contributing to a pension fund and the unemployment insurance is mandatory in Germany except for certain (heterogeneous) groups Economic trends may influence indicators Recommendations: Discuss relevance and comparability of proposed indicators Include new indicator on employees working for temporary work agencies

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 18 Dimension 6: Skills Development and Life-long Learning Job Training Job training in the last 4 weeks (LFS) vs. last 12 months (German Microcensus) Source: LFS 2008 and German Microcensus 2008

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 19 Dimension 6: Skills Development and Life-long Learning Skill missmatch Calculation via ISCED - ISCO classification vs. Targeted question in EWCS Source: LFS 2008 and EWCS 2005

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 20 Dimension 6: Skills Development and Life-long Learning Problems: Most indicators heavily rely upon the codification of occupations according to ISCO (not straightforward in Germany) Recommendations: Implications for international comparability Recent job training needs harmonisation (4 weeks vs. 12 months)

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 21 Dimension 7: Workplace Relationships Four indicators similar to those discussed before Share of employees who feel Results they have very good friends at work 69.3 % they get assistance from their superior/boss 59.1 % they have been a victim of discrimination at work 7.1 % they have been harassed at work 4.5 % Source: EWCS 2005

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 22 Dimension 7: Intrinsic Nature of Work Four indicators similar to those discussed before Share of employees who feel Results they do "useful" work 77.4 % receive regular feedback from their supervisor 66 % they are able to apply their own ideas in work 45.8 % satisfied with their working conditions 88.2 % Source: EWCS 2005

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 23 Dimension 7: Workplace Relationships and Intrinsic Nature of Work Source: EWCS 2005, national survey Problems:small sample size for big countries Recommendations:  include “soft” indicators in the LFS (?)

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 24 Missing groups in indicators Self employed Possible aspects for indicators: - entrepreneurial freedom - dependency upon individual clients - degree to which work is carried out upon detailed constructions of the client Possible Source: LFS after implementation of a set of questions on self employed Unpaid family members Persons in informal employment

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 25 New indicators proposed by Germany Child labour: - Work in the evening or at night Fair treatment: - Female share of employment in managerial and administrative occupations (ISCO 1) - Further indicators on population groups Benefits from Employment: - Career opportunities in current job Working hours:- Employees working few hours (side jobs) Work-life Balance: - Employees who feel time stressed - Time used for commuting Security of Employment: - Employees working for a temporary work agency - Laps of time since the start of the main job - Employees who changed their job in the last 12 months Skills:- Targeted Question on skill mismatch

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 26 General comments 1) Precise definitions are needed 2) as well as Formulas Preferred source Concepts to be used Employed persons / employees / economically active population Age boundaries / activity branches / thresholds Recommended operationalisation 3) Some additional indicators should be discussed

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 27 Conclusions Most indicators can provided for Germany, but: not necessarily on a yearly basis (SES, LFS Ad hoc Modules) with large differences regarding timeliness with some deviations from the (rough) definitions

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Many Thanks for your attention! Katharina Puch Federal Statistical Office Germany, Wiesbaden

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 29 Point for discussion: Possible new indicators  Indicator on children working in atypical hours  Female share of employment in managerial and administrative occupations (ISCO 1)  Time used for commuting  Rate of employees working for a temporary work agency

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 30 Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of Employment Indicator on children* working in atypical hours Source: German LFS 2008  Of high international relevance  Comparability: as much as the other indicators on child labour  Recommendation  include this indicator * Children aged years

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 31 Dimension 1: Safety and Ethics of Employment Female share of employment in managerial and administrative occupations (ISCO 1) Source: German LFS 2008  Of high relevance in Germany  Comparability is given  Recommendation  include this indicator

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 32 Dimension 3: Balancing work and non- working life Time used for commuting Source: German Microcensus 2008  Of high international relevance  Comparability should be given  Recommendation  include this indicator

© Federal Statistical Office of Germany, Labour Market Slide 33 * Number of agency workers compared to total employed workforce Dimension 4 Source: International Confederation of Private Employment Agencies (CIETTE) 2007 Rate of employees working for a temporary work agency*