BOOK REVIEW

1. List & Explain the 5 Parts of the Earth System ATMOsphere BIOsphere GEOsphereHYDROsphere ANTHROsphere

Atmosphere The part of the Earth System that is made of the mixture of GASES that surround the planet.

Geosphere The part of the Earth System that is made of the EARTH ITSELF (Crust, Mantle, Inner and Outer Cores.)

Hydrosphere The part of the Earth System that is the planet’s WATER

BIOSPHERE The part of the Earth System that is made of all LIVING THINGS

Anthrosphere The part of the Earth System (BIOSPHERE) that includes all HUMAN CREATIONS

2. What is: a statement that can be proved or disproved by an experiment?

3. What is the difference between a PHYSICAL model & a CONCEPTUAL model?

PHYSICAL vs. CONCEPTUAL structures built to represent something else A model car is built to REPRESENT a real car models developed in the mind The interior of the Earth…we CANNOT DIRECTLY OBSERVE IT

4. Define the FOCUS & EPICENTER of an earthquake. Focus- place inside the earth where earthquakes originate Epicenter- place on Earth’s surface above focus

5. What is the difference between P-Waves & S-Waves?

P-WAVESS-WAVES Are the ________ moving waves Move __________ than P-waves Cause particles to move _____________ in place Cause particles to move from ___________ Travel through _______________ Travel only through _________

6. Define REFRACTION. Refraction: Change in direction of a wave due to its change in speed as it passes from one material to the next.

7. How do we know the Earth has layers? P-waves REFRACT as they travel through the earth causing SHADOW ZONES (areas on the earth’s surface where no seismic waves are detected) So, the core must be made of a different material than the mantle to make the waves refract

8. Which layer of the earth has PLASTICITY (ability to flow)? MANTLE ASTHENOSPHERE

9. What FORCE in the mantle drives the movement of the Earth’s plates? CONVECTION

*CONVECTION*

10. Describe the theory of PLATE TECTONICS. The Earth’s crust is broken into plates that move & interact with each other.

11. Compare the OCEAN crust & the CONTINENTAL crust. Ocean Crust – Thin – MORE Dense – Younger Continental Crust – Thick – LESS dense – Older

12. When an OCEAN plate converges with a CONTINENTAL plate what happens? Explain.

Ocean plate is subducted below continent. A trench forms above the subduction zone in water A volcanic mountain chain forms on land Ocean – continent Convergence

13. List & describe the 3 types of plate boundaries.

14. How fast does the Earth’s lithospheric plates move? A few centimeters per year

15. How are earthquakes, volcanoes & mountains related? They are mostly formed along plate boundaries

16. Why do the Hawaiian Islands exist today? A “HOT SPOT” in the MANTLE burns through the CRUST & forms a VOLCANO (MID-PLATE)

17. How does gas content of magma effect the eruption of a volcano? LOW GAS: CALM Eruption HIGH GAS: POWERFUL Eruption

18. What name did Alfred Wegener give to his theory of the horizontal movement of the Earth’s crust? CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

19. List & explain 2 pieces of evidence that we examined to support the theory of continental drift. Fossil evidence Modern mammals on continents Glacial grooves in INDIA GPS Continents look like “puzzle pieces”

20. What was the only ocean at the time of Pangea? Why is it shrinking today? It is surrounded by subduction zones. The ocean floor is subducting into the mantle. We are losing Pacific ocean floor.

21. Describe the 2 natural hazards related to the direct movement of the Geosphere. Volcanoes

22. List 3 warnings of a volcanic eruption.

Warnings … 1.Gas escapes from around the volcano 2.Volcano swells 3.Minor earthquakes occur beneath the volcano