Respiration Equation:

Oxidation / Reduction What is oxidation? What is reduction? Key Idea: When something is reduced it gains electrons and protons. These electrons and protons have usually come from another chemical, so that chemical has been oxidised. Therefore a REDOX reaction has taken place. This is also true if something is oxidised it has lost electrons and protons. These have usually been given to another chemical, sothat chemical has been reduced. Therefore this is also a REDOX reaction.

Coenzymes – NAD+ and FAD Has this been oxidised or reduced? NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ NADH + H+ FAD + 2e- + 2H+ FADH2

Structure of NAD and FAD What biochemical group do they belong to? Evidence?

Structure of ATP Nucleic acid Components: Synthesized from? Enzyme used?

Key Ideas – Why turn glucose into ATP? Glucose is already a form of potential chemical energy, why turn it into ATP? Lots of little packets of energy (ATP) can be made and used for lots of little jobs in the cell. A job seldom requires all the energy contained in one molecule of glucose. (therefore efficient, not wasteful!!) ATP will release energy quickly, glucose will not, therefore it is an instant source of energy for the cell

ATP the Universal Energy Currency Why universal? Why currency? Enables a cell to do work 3 examples: Energy can be released quickly, only one bond needs to be broken. Enzyme used: Bond broken: Energy per mole 30.6KJ Other features, soluble and easily transported across membranes

Key Ideas - Making ATP To make ATP a phosphate group (Pi) has to be added to ADP, this reaction is called phosphorylation ATP + Pi ATP The energy to add the Pi group can come in three different ways: Substrate level phosphorylation – use the energy released from chemical reactions Oxidative phosphorylation – use the energy from high energy electrons produced during oxidation reactions Photophosphorylation – use the energy from high energy electrons produced using light energy

Substrate Level Phosphorylation In respiration it is produced in this way during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Triose phosphate to Pyruvate – 4 ATP produced 5C to 4C compound – 1 ATP produced each turn

Key Ideas - Chemiosmosis The energy from high energy electrons can be used to produce a proton gradient A proton gradient can be used to produce ATP, this called chemiosmosis As protons flow down the gradient, energy is released, this energy is used to add a Pi group to ADP Chemiosmosis is used to produce ATP in respiration and photosynthesis

Key Enzymes Dehydrogenases Decarboxylases Involved in what type of reactions? Catalyze the removal of? Decarboxylases

Glycolysis What does it mean? Where are ATP needed? Where are ATP produced? Where does it take place? What are the net products? Where can glycerol enter?

After Glycolysis…… If no oxygen is available What happens to the pyruvate? Why? Useful products produced?

After glycolysis…. If oxygen is available…. What is this reaction called? Where does it take place? Why is it described as an oxidative decarboxylation? Where can fatty acids enter?

After the Link reaction…. What is this series of reactions called? Where does it take place? What useful products are produced per glucose molecule?

Mitochondrial Structure

The Electron Transport Chain

The Electron Transport Chain Why is it called this? Where do the electron come from? What do they release as they are passed along? What is this used for? pH /chemiosmosis / stalked particles (ATP synthetase)

Number of ATP molecules produced NAD leads to the production of 3 ATP molecules FAD leads to the production of 2ATP molecules Why? – Carrier systems are different – NAD linked to 3 pumps and FAD 2 pumps Stage of Respiration Number of red NAD produced Number of red FAD produced Number of ATP produced Glycolysis Link Reaction Krebs Cycle

Summary of aerobic respiration?